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Android配置抓包证书的原理
发表于: 2024-3-18 18:54 20645

Android配置抓包证书的原理

2024-3-18 18:54
20645

数字证书有多种格式,其中一些常见的格式包括:


openssl x509 -outform der -in demo.pem -out demo.cer


转换得到的cer格式数字证书与从Charles导出的cer格式数字证书一致

openssl x509 -inform der -in demo.cer -out demo.pem

转换得到的pem格式数字证书与从Charles导出的pem格式数字证书一致


在移动设备上安装证书时,可能会导致证书文件名发生变化的原因有几个可能:

所以我们可以进行手机更改文件名的,将原文件名修改为<hash>.0

对于.pem证书

对于.cer证书

在 Android 系统中,证书的管理和解析是由 Android 的安全框架和 Keystore 系统来完成的。Android 系统中的证书管理主要涉及以下几个方面:

在 Android 系统中,证书的解析和使用通常涉及以下步骤:

总的来说,在 Android 系统中,证书的管理和使用是由安全框架、Keystore 系统和系统证书存储共同实现的。这些组件能够保障证书的安全性和可靠性,并在系统级别上提供安全的证书管理和使用功能。因此,当你将 .pem 格式的证书文件放入系统证书目录时,系统会自动将其转换为二进制格式的 .cer 格式的证书文件,以便系统能够更方便地处理和使用。这种转换通常是由系统的证书管理工具或者证书存储服务自动完成的,用户无需手动操作。








就会发现该文件已转换为cer二进制文件的数字证书

结果发现pem格式数字证书的安装,经过系统的证书安装程序,会将pem格式数字证书转化为cer格式数字证书。


抓包效果:

通过Move_Certificates-v1.9模块将用户证书目录下的证书转存到系统证书目录中去。

SSL证书报错,相对与用户证书抓包效果好了很多。


将证书推送到Move_Certificates模块目录下



对于.pem证书

对于.cer证书

把 -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE----- 到最后的这部分移动到开头

在 Android 系统中,证书的管理和使用是由安全框架、Keystore 系统和系统证书存储共同实现的。这些组件能够保障证书的安全性和可靠性,并在系统级别上提供安全的证书管理和使用功能。因此,当你将 .pem 格式的证书文件放入系统证书目录时,系统会自动将其转换为二进制格式的 .cer 格式的证书文件,以便系统能够更方便地处理和使用。这种转换通常是由系统的证书管理工具或者证书存储服务自动完成的,用户无需手动操作。因此,使用上述方式所配置的证书代理,抓包效果是差不多的。





-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
#define _CRT_SECURE_NO_WARNINGS

#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <openssl/pem.h>
#include <openssl/x509.h>
#include <openssl/bio.h>
#include <openssl/applink.c>
int main() {
    // 打开PEM格式证书文件
    FILE* pem_file = fopen("demo.pem", "r");
    if (!pem_file) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to open PEM file." << std::endl;
        return 1;
    }

    // 创建BIO对象
    BIO* pem_bio = BIO_new_fp(pem_file, BIO_CLOSE);
    if (!pem_bio) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to create BIO for PEM file." << std::endl;
        fclose(pem_file);
        return 1;
    }

    // 读取PEM格式证书
    X509* cert = PEM_read_bio_X509(pem_bio, nullptr, nullptr, nullptr);
    if (!cert) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to read PEM certificate." << std::endl;
        BIO_free(pem_bio);
        fclose(pem_file);
        return 1;
    }

    // 创建DER格式证书文件
    FILE* der_file = fopen("demo.cer", "wb");
    if (!der_file) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to create DER file." << std::endl;
        BIO_free(pem_bio);
        fclose(pem_file);
        X509_free(cert);
        return 1;
    }

    // 将X509证书编码为DER格式并写入文件
    if (i2d_X509_fp(der_file, cert) == 0) {
        std::cerr << "Failed to write DER certificate." << std::endl;
        fclose(der_file);
        BIO_free(pem_bio);
        fclose(pem_file);
        X509_free(cert);
        return 1;
    }

    // 释放资源
    fclose(der_file);
    BIO_free(pem_bio);
    fclose(pem_file);
    X509_free(cert);

    std::cout << "Conversion completed successfully." << std::endl;
    return 0;
}
mv cacert.pem `openssl x509 -inform PEM -subject_hash_old -in cacert.pem  |head -1`'.0'
mv cacert.cer `openssl x509 -inform DER -subject_hash_old -in cacert.cer |head -1`'.0'
platina:/system/etc/security/cacerts # cat 7892ad52.0
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 3182246526754555285 (0x2c299c5b16ed0595)
    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
        Issuer: C=US, ST=Texas, L=Houston, O=SSL Corporation, CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC
        Validity
            Not Before: Feb 12 18:15:23 2016 GMT
            Not After : Feb 12 18:15:23 2041 GMT
        Subject: C=US, ST=Texas, L=Houston, O=SSL Corporation, CN=SSL.com EV Root Certification Authority ECC
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: id-ecPublicKey
                Public-Key: (384 bit)
                pub:
                    04:aa:12:47:90:98:1b:fb:ef:c3:40:07:83:20:4e:
                    f1:30:82:a2:06:d1:f2:92:86:61:f2:f6:21:68:ca:
                    00:c4:c7:ea:43:00:54:86:dc:fd:1f:df:00:b8:41:
                    62:5c:dc:70:16:32:de:1f:99:d4:cc:c5:07:c8:08:
                    1f:61:16:07:51:3d:7d:5c:07:53:e3:35:38:8c:df:
                    cd:9f:d9:2e:0d:4a:b6:19:2e:5a:70:5a:06:ed:be:
                    f0:a1:b0:ca:d0:09:29
                ASN1 OID: secp384r1
                NIST CURVE: P-384
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier:
                5B:CA:5E:E5:DE:D2:81:AA:CD:A8:2D:64:51:B6:D9:72:9B:97:E6:4F
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            X509v3 Authority Key Identifier:
                keyid:5B:CA:5E:E5:DE:D2:81:AA:CD:A8:2D:64:51:B6:D9:72:9B:97:E6:4F

            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Digital Signature, Certificate Sign, CRL Sign
    Signature Algorithm: ecdsa-with-SHA256
         30:65:02:31:00:8a:e6:40:89:37:eb:e9:d5:13:d9:ca:d4:6b:
         24:f3:b0:3d:87:46:58:1a:ec:b1:df:6f:fb:56:ba:70:6b:c7:
         38:cc:e8:b1:8c:4f:0f:f7:f1:67:76:0e:83:d0:1e:51:8f:02:
         30:3d:f6:23:28:26:4c:c6:60:87:93:26:9b:b2:35:1e:ba:d6:
         f7:3c:d1:1c:ce:fa:25:3c:a6:1a:81:15:5b:f3:12:0f:6c:ee:
         65:8a:c9:87:a8:f9:07:e0:62:9a:8c:5c:4a
SHA1 Fingerprint=4C:DD:51:A3:D1:F5:20:32:14:B0:C6:C5:32:23:03:91:C7:46:42:6D
platina:/system/etc/security/cacerts #
openssl x509 -inform PEM -text -in cacert.pem > 7591945e.0
openssl x509 -inform DER -text -in cacert.cer > 7591945e.0
-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----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-----END CERTIFICATE-----
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 1703753443644 (0x18caf9e693c)
        Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
        Issuer: CN = "Charles Proxy CA (28 Dec 2023, ONLYXIU-PC)", OU = https://charlesproxy.com/ssl, O = XK72 Ltd, L = Auckland, ST = Auckland, C = NZ
        Validity
            Not Before: Dec 27 08:50:43 2023 GMT
            Not After : Dec 26 08:50:43 2024 GMT
        Subject: CN = "Charles Proxy CA (28 Dec 2023, ONLYXIU-PC)", OU = https://charlesproxy.com/ssl, O = XK72 Ltd, L = Auckland, ST = Auckland, C = NZ
        Subject Public Key Info:
            Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
                Public-Key: (2048 bit)
                Modulus:
                    00:89:4c:ad:55:49:e4:ff:93:ad:26:93:c5:c8:5c:
                    b7:7f:c1:2b:e5:f5:74:29:6f:a9:f6:a2:ea:32:6c:
                    c8:ff:bc:64:a7:af:8f:6b:7a:ec:dd:64:b0:17:d8:
                    be:30:47:81:39:a4:8c:c2:18:69:d8:38:a3:34:1e:
                    06:3c:44:48:8c:3c:64:5d:3d:0b:a3:c6:4a:a5:aa:
                    53:23:eb:df:e6:42:25:0c:e8:33:6e:3f:a4:04:20:
                    c6:85:a8:10:fa:e2:98:dd:26:fd:97:d3:41:51:fd:
                    64:e7:fa:1b:a5:c0:0f:e2:43:2a:38:dc:4f:7f:95:
                    9e:f9:c8:86:b8:7a:57:44:24:a8:cb:a2:d7:99:00:
                    aa:f0:e8:50:00:11:77:9c:ec:37:f0:98:66:2f:ad:
                    55:01:28:17:90:b0:7a:52:36:8e:78:ee:1c:35:59:
                    2b:66:7f:0e:d1:6c:58:2b:38:0d:87:3d:96:fe:de:
                    76:ea:00:96:ff:cd:5d:9f:f7:17:ea:45:06:6b:f8:
                    7e:c6:13:30:ef:da:30:ef:3c:64:ca:11:81:1e:e4:
                    10:32:df:14:b1:5a:22:ac:14:67:e6:6c:98:5e:6d:
                    f4:28:6f:4f:1d:87:93:e3:26:29:41:fd:96:7c:3e:
                    1c:1e:dd:26:31:a6:36:68:ae:05:66:ac:a4:8f:99:
                    d0:67
                Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
        X509v3 extensions:
            X509v3 Basic Constraints: critical
                CA:TRUE
            Netscape Comment: 
                ....This Root certificate was generated by Charles Proxy for SSL Proxying. If this certificate is part of a certificate chain, this means that you're browsing through Charles Proxy with SSL Proxying enabled for this website. Please see http://charlesproxy.com/ssl for more information.
            X509v3 Key Usage: critical
                Certificate Sign
            X509v3 Subject Key Identifier: 
                53:10:67:2C:12:F8:A2:99:E9:BE:E4:A9:65:43:C1:CC:3F:61:BB:D6
    Signature Algorithm: sha256WithRSAEncryption
    Signature Value:
        7d:60:80:f0:2e:70:53:1d:84:fc:13:b7:19:d4:30:9d:d6:c7:
        10:45:a9:3f:89:9c:1b:4d:b7:26:c4:f2:d3:fc:c8:bf:15:32:
        83:44:d1:57:bc:0f:f7:24:ef:d2:39:96:4c:1a:64:54:d5:31:
        a2:53:52:1f:33:22:08:7f:96:13:cb:3e:e2:ba:fd:4c:4e:ce:
        46:f2:39:49:da:28:2e:22:c0:2e:e2:47:81:75:ad:f2:f6:03:
        b2:0e:31:9f:77:26:b5:21:72:35:07:12:55:f7:38:f0:fa:e2:
        aa:41:2e:e4:cc:fe:cf:11:e0:ac:24:de:35:38:fc:b5:9a:03:
        6e:0b:1b:0b:0b:51:2f:be:29:6f:4c:7e:d0:e1:f2:46:4e:db:
        bf:22:62:20:75:ec:88:4e:1b:84:73:a9:bf:86:cc:2f:0e:30:
        1f:1b:0f:4b:34:12:49:36:04:2a:88:a8:9d:fe:50:69:eb:c1:
        c4:0d:54:eb:b2:31:2d:45:cf:70:9d:f8:aa:94:a5:d0:95:99:
        e7:b7:5e:ef:57:c2:3c:07:17:69:fa:28:69:3a:de:38:81:f4:
        7b:f5:9f:6a:3e:e4:9c:0d:e8:cc:61:bd:ef:0b:24:ac:6c:e0:
        29:3e:54:b7:db:bb:72:e0:06:df:d5:d9:71:14:15:6c:8d:66:
        e6:42:85:74

openssl x509 -outform der -in demo.pem -out demo.cer

openssl x509 -inform der -in demo.cer -out demo.pem

    • X.509是最常见的数字证书标准,它定义了公钥证书的格式和相关的验证流程。X.509证书通常使用DER编码或PEM编码
  • X.509是最常见的数字证书标准,它定义了公钥证书的格式和相关的验证流程。X.509证书通常使用DER编码或PEM编码
    • DER是一种二进制编码规则,通常用于表示X.509证书的二进制形式。
  • DER是一种二进制编码规则,通常用于表示X.509证书的二进制形式。
    • PEM是一种基于文本的编码格式,通常用于在文本协议中传输X.509证书。PEM格式可以包含DER编码或Base64编码的数据
  • PEM是一种基于文本的编码格式,通常用于在文本协议中传输X.509证书。PEM格式可以包含DER编码或Base64编码的数据
    • PKCS#12是一种文件格式,用于存储和传输私钥、公钥和证书链等信息。PFX是PKCS#12的一种常见扩展名。
  • PKCS#12是一种文件格式,用于存储和传输私钥、公钥和证书链等信息。PFX是PKCS#12的一种常见扩展名。
    • PKCS#7是一种数字签名标准,它通常用于签署和验证数据的完整性。P7B是PKCS#7的一种常见扩展名,通常用于存储证书链。
  • PKCS#7是一种数字签名标准,它通常用于签署和验证数据的完整性。P7B是PKCS#7的一种常见扩展名,通常用于存储证书链。
    • JKS是Java中用于管理密钥和证书的密钥存储库格式。
  • JKS是Java中用于管理密钥和证书的密钥存储库格式。

[招生]科锐逆向工程师培训(2024年11月15日实地,远程教学同时开班, 第51期)

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