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[原创]一条新的glibc IO_FILE利用链:__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow利用分析
发表于: 2023-3-14 16:47 25448

[原创]一条新的glibc IO_FILE利用链:__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow利用分析

2023-3-14 16:47
25448

之前听说glibc2.37删除了_IO_obstack_jumps这个vtable。但是在源码里还看到obstack结构体存在,那么glibc2.37真的不能再调用_IO_obstack_jumps的那条链吗?看完本文就知道还可以调用_IO_obstack_jumps那条链的关键部分。但目前这条链只存在glibc2.37,所以现在可能还没有利用场景。在此结合源码和自己的理解和大家分享一下,也感谢roderick师傅和whiter师傅的指导与支持。如果有哪里不对恳请师傅们斧正!

在此,我称这条链为house of snake,此利用链与house of applehouse of cathouse of emma等利用一样,利用了修改虚表指针的方法。主要思路就是伪造相关结构体并且修改虚表指针为_IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps实现攻击。

1.能修改stdoutstdinstderr其中一个_IO_FILE_plus结构(fastbin attack或tcachebin attack)或劫持 _IO_list_all。(如large bin attacktcache stashing unlink attackfastbin reverse into tcache)

2.能够触发IO流,执行IO相关函数。

3.能够泄露堆地址和libc基址。

2.24 版本的 glibc 以后,加入了针对 IO_FILE_plusvtable 劫持的检测措施,glibc 会在调用虚函数之前首先检查 vtable 地址的合法性。首先会验证 vtable 是否位于_IO_vtable 段中,如果满足条件就正常执行,否则会调用_IO_vtable_check 做进一步检查。

简单来说,如果 vtable 地址是非法的,那么会引发 abort

源码如下:

该结构体应该不难理解,不过多赘述。

当我们对一个文件对象fp进行操作时,往往会使用到_IO_jump_t结构体内某一函数。

源码如下:

也就是在_IO_FILE追加了个指向_IO_jump_t结构体的指针。

了解存在这个结构体即可。

其中FILE就是_IO_FILE_plus,就是在_IO_FILE_plus结构体后追加了个指向__printf_buffer结构体的指针。这个结构体是关键结构体之一,因为本文提及的调用链离不开这个结构体。

简单总结一下,就是一个常见的_IO_FILE_plus后面追加了一个结构体指针,我们只要认识到这一点就行了。

在此,我们只需要知道有这个结构体即可,不需要过多的探究每个成员的意义。

就是在__printf_buffer结构体后追加了一个obstack结构体指针和一个char类型的变量,这个结构体也是关键结构体之一。

由上可知,vtable必须合法,在glibc2.37中有一个新的vtable,源码如下:

可知,该vtable内只存在两个函数,分别为__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow__printf_buffer_as_file_xsputn

接下来我们先对__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow进行分析。

笔者对该利用链分析只关注调用过程,要绕过的条件先按下不表,最后再总结!

源码如下:

该函数首先堆传入的第一个参数强制类型转换为__printf_buffer_as_file并赋给变量file,然后调用__printf_buffer_as_file_commit函数,

该函数源码如下:

可以看出该函数通过断言对file结构体中的stream结构体与next结构体中的成员进行一系列判断,然后做一个赋值的操作。

可以看到若ch != EOF就调用__printf_buffer_putc,源码如下:

可知__printf_buffer_putc只是做了一些指针记录的数值加减的操作,对此我们不用过多关注。

然后有判断:if (!__printf_buffer_has_failed (file->next) && file->next->write_ptr == file->next->write_end)

就是判断__printf_buffer_as_file结构体中的mode成员是不是__printf_buffer_mode_failed以及file->next->write_ptr == file->next->write_end,我们假设满足这两个条件,会调用__printf_buffer_flush (file->next)

这个函数笔者无法直接在源码中找到,但是配合gdb,笔者还是发现了它的蛛丝马迹。
图片描述

评论区有师傅(id:我超啊)指出该函数其实是__printf_buffer_flush => Xprintf_buffer_flush => Xprintf (buffer_do_flush) (buf) => __printf_buffer_do_flush这样的!事实确实如此。但是我们只需要关注__printf_buffer_do_flush,源码如下:

在这里我们关注进入__printf_buffer_flush_obstack函数的这一分支

假设满足所有条件进入obstack_1grow宏定义。

可以看到里面还有个宏定义,然后又_obstack_newchunk这一个函数。

假设满足所有条件,进入CALL_CHUNKFUN这个宏定义,该宏定义的源码如下:

可以看到当(((h)->use_extra_arg)不为0时,会调用(*(h)->chunkfun),它的参数是(h)->extra_arg(size),而我们可以控制(*(h)->chunkfun)(h)->extra_arg,从而执行system('/bin/sh')

如果各位跟着本文分析到这,估计就豁然开朗了,因为后半部分与_IO_obstack_xsputn的调用链一样。

回顾一下整个分析过程并将所有相关结构体,并都看成__printf_buffer_as_file结构体,有以下条件:

__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow函数中:

__printf_buffer_as_file_commit函数中:

__printf_buffer_flush函数中:

file->next->mode =__printf_buffer_mode_obstack

__printf_buffer_flush_obstack函数中:

buf->base.write_ptr == &buf->ch + 1 <==> file->next.write_ptr == &(file->next) + 0x30 + 1

obstack_1grow宏定义中:

本文分析基于amd64下通过FSOP触发。

我们知道FSOP 的核心思想就是劫持_IO_list_all 的值来伪造链表和其中的_IO_FILE 项,但是单纯的伪造只是构造了数据还需要某种方法进行触发。FSOP 选择的触发方法是exit函数调用_IO_flush_all_lockp,这个函数会刷新_IO_list_all 链表中所有项的文件流,相当于对每个 FILE 调用 fflush,也对应着会调用_IO_FILE_plus.vtable 中的_IO_overflow

我们调试可以知道_IO_overflow位于vtable指针所指向地址+0x18处,也就是说当FSOP发生的时候会调用_IO_FILE_plus.vtable 中的_IO_overflow。即调用vtable指针所指向地址 + 0x18处的数据。
图片描述

那么只要我们伪造一个_IO_FILE结构体,将它的vtable替换为&_IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps,此时vtable指针所指地址+0x18处为__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow,然后伪造上述所有需要满足的条件(详见poc与攻击模板),就可以完成攻击,如下:
图片描述

下载glibc2.37源码:

解压:

编译:

准备好POC

可以点击这里下载文件(本来是直接展示源码的...但是放到看雪里排版就错位了...)

编译POC

patchelf

运行
图片描述

以下攻击模板全是在FSOP下的,可以点击这里下载附件尝试以下三种攻击。

这个payload需要的内存是最小的,只需要0xe0字节大小的内存。

该利用链看起来需要绕过的条件很多,但是并不复杂,并且可以稳定控制rdirip。但是ubuntu还没有使用glibc2.37,所以目前这条链新的还没有利用场景2333。但我相信以后说不定会有它的利用场景。

 
 
 
struct _IO_FILE {
      int _flags;
    #define _IO_file_flags _flags
 
    char* _IO_read_ptr;   /* Current read pointer */
    char* _IO_read_end;   /* End of get area. */
    char* _IO_read_base;  /* Start of putback+get area. */
    char* _IO_write_base; /* Start of put area. */
    char* _IO_write_ptr;  /* Current put pointer. */
    char* _IO_write_end;  /* End of put area. */
    char* _IO_buf_base;   /* Start of reserve area. */
    char* _IO_buf_end;    /* End of reserve area. */
    /* The following fields are used to support backing up and undo. */
    char *_IO_save_base; /* Pointer to start of non-current get area. */
    char *_IO_backup_base;  /* Pointer to first valid character of backup area */
    char *_IO_save_end; /* Pointer to end of non-current get area. */
 
    struct _IO_marker *_markers;
 
    struct _IO_FILE *_chain;
 
    int _fileno;
#if 0
    int _blksize;
#else
    int _flags2;
#endif
    _IO_off_t _old_offset;    /* This used to be _offset but it's too small.  */
 
#define __HAVE_COLUMN    /* temporary */
    unsigned short _cur_column;
    signed char _vtable_offset;
    char _shortbuf[1];
 
    /*  char* _save_gptr;  char* _save_egptr; */
    _IO_lock_t *_lock;
#ifdef _IO_USE_OLD_IO_FILE
};
struct _IO_FILE {
      int _flags;
    #define _IO_file_flags _flags
 
    char* _IO_read_ptr;   /* Current read pointer */
    char* _IO_read_end;   /* End of get area. */
    char* _IO_read_base;  /* Start of putback+get area. */
    char* _IO_write_base; /* Start of put area. */
    char* _IO_write_ptr;  /* Current put pointer. */
    char* _IO_write_end;  /* End of put area. */
    char* _IO_buf_base;   /* Start of reserve area. */
    char* _IO_buf_end;    /* End of reserve area. */
    /* The following fields are used to support backing up and undo. */
    char *_IO_save_base; /* Pointer to start of non-current get area. */
    char *_IO_backup_base;  /* Pointer to first valid character of backup area */
    char *_IO_save_end; /* Pointer to end of non-current get area. */
 
    struct _IO_marker *_markers;
 
    struct _IO_FILE *_chain;
 
    int _fileno;
#if 0
    int _blksize;
#else
    int _flags2;
#endif
    _IO_off_t _old_offset;    /* This used to be _offset but it's too small.  */
 
#define __HAVE_COLUMN    /* temporary */
    unsigned short _cur_column;
    signed char _vtable_offset;
    char _shortbuf[1];
 
    /*  char* _save_gptr;  char* _save_egptr; */
    _IO_lock_t *_lock;
#ifdef _IO_USE_OLD_IO_FILE
};
struct _IO_jump_t
{
    JUMP_FIELD(size_t, __dummy);
    JUMP_FIELD(size_t, __dummy2);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_finish_t, __finish);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_overflow_t, __overflow);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_underflow_t, __underflow);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_underflow_t, __uflow);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_pbackfail_t, __pbackfail);
    /* showmany */
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_xsputn_t, __xsputn);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_xsgetn_t, __xsgetn);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seekoff_t, __seekoff);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seekpos_t, __seekpos);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_setbuf_t, __setbuf);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_sync_t, __sync);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_doallocate_t, __doallocate);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_read_t, __read);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_write_t, __write);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seek_t, __seek);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_close_t, __close);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_stat_t, __stat);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_showmanyc_t, __showmanyc);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_imbue_t, __imbue);
#if 0
    get_column;
    set_column;
#endif
};
struct _IO_jump_t
{
    JUMP_FIELD(size_t, __dummy);
    JUMP_FIELD(size_t, __dummy2);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_finish_t, __finish);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_overflow_t, __overflow);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_underflow_t, __underflow);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_underflow_t, __uflow);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_pbackfail_t, __pbackfail);
    /* showmany */
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_xsputn_t, __xsputn);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_xsgetn_t, __xsgetn);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seekoff_t, __seekoff);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seekpos_t, __seekpos);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_setbuf_t, __setbuf);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_sync_t, __sync);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_doallocate_t, __doallocate);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_read_t, __read);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_write_t, __write);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_seek_t, __seek);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_close_t, __close);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_stat_t, __stat);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_showmanyc_t, __showmanyc);
    JUMP_FIELD(_IO_imbue_t, __imbue);
#if 0
    get_column;
    set_column;
#endif
};
struct _IO_FILE_plus
{
  _IO_FILE file;
  const struct _IO_jump_t *vtable;
};
struct _IO_FILE_plus
{
  _IO_FILE file;
  const struct _IO_jump_t *vtable;
};
struct __printf_buffer
{
  char *write_base;
  char *write_ptr;
  char *write_end;
  uint64_t written;
  enum __printf_buffer_mode mode;
};
struct __printf_buffer
{
  char *write_base;
  char *write_ptr;
  char *write_end;
  uint64_t written;
  enum __printf_buffer_mode mode;
};
struct __printf_buffer_as_file
{
  /* Interface to libio.  */
  FILE stream;
  const struct _IO_jump_t *vtable;
 
  /* Pointer to the underlying buffer*/
  struct __printf_buffer *next;
};
struct __printf_buffer_as_file
{
  /* Interface to libio.  */
  FILE stream;
  const struct _IO_jump_t *vtable;
 
  /* Pointer to the underlying buffer*/
  struct __printf_buffer *next;
};
 
struct obstack          /* control current object in current chunk */
{
  long chunk_size;              /* preferred size to allocate chunks in */
  struct _obstack_chunk *chunk; /* address of current struct obstack_chunk */
  char *object_base;            /* address of object we are building */
  char *next_free;              /* where to add next char to current object */
  char *chunk_limit;            /* address of char after current chunk */
  union
  {
    PTR_INT_TYPE tempint;
    void *tempptr;
  } temp;                       /* Temporary for some macros.  */
  int alignment_mask;           /* Mask of alignment for each object. */
 
  struct _obstack_chunk *(*chunkfun) (void *, long);
  void (*freefun) (void *, struct _obstack_chunk *);
  void *extra_arg;              /* first arg for chunk alloc/dealloc funcs */
  unsigned use_extra_arg : 1;     /* chunk alloc/dealloc funcs take extra arg */
  unsigned maybe_empty_object : 1; /* There is a possibility that the current
 
  unsigned alloc_failed : 1;      /* No longer used, as we now call the failed
                     handler on error, but retained for binary
                     compatibility.  */
};
struct obstack          /* control current object in current chunk */
{
  long chunk_size;              /* preferred size to allocate chunks in */
  struct _obstack_chunk *chunk; /* address of current struct obstack_chunk */
  char *object_base;            /* address of object we are building */
  char *next_free;              /* where to add next char to current object */
  char *chunk_limit;            /* address of char after current chunk */
  union
  {
    PTR_INT_TYPE tempint;
    void *tempptr;
  } temp;                       /* Temporary for some macros.  */
  int alignment_mask;           /* Mask of alignment for each object. */
 
  struct _obstack_chunk *(*chunkfun) (void *, long);
  void (*freefun) (void *, struct _obstack_chunk *);
  void *extra_arg;              /* first arg for chunk alloc/dealloc funcs */
  unsigned use_extra_arg : 1;     /* chunk alloc/dealloc funcs take extra arg */
  unsigned maybe_empty_object : 1; /* There is a possibility that the current
 
  unsigned alloc_failed : 1;      /* No longer used, as we now call the failed
                     handler on error, but retained for binary
                     compatibility.  */
};
struct __printf_buffer_obstack
{
  struct __printf_buffer base;
  struct obstack *obstack;
 
  char ch;
};
struct __printf_buffer_obstack
{
  struct __printf_buffer base;
  struct obstack *obstack;
 
  char ch;
};
static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps libio_vtable =
{
  JUMP_INIT_DUMMY,
  JUMP_INIT(finish, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(overflow, __printf_buffer_as_file_overflow),//函数一
  JUMP_INIT(underflow, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(uflow, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(pbackfail, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(xsputn, __printf_buffer_as_file_xsputn),//函数二
  JUMP_INIT(xsgetn, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(seekoff, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(seekpos, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(setbuf, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(sync, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(doallocate, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(read, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(write, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(seek, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(close, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(stat, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(showmanyc, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(imbue, NULL)
};
static const struct _IO_jump_t _IO_printf_buffer_as_file_jumps libio_vtable =
{
  JUMP_INIT_DUMMY,
  JUMP_INIT(finish, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(overflow, __printf_buffer_as_file_overflow),//函数一
  JUMP_INIT(underflow, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(uflow, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(pbackfail, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(xsputn, __printf_buffer_as_file_xsputn),//函数二
  JUMP_INIT(xsgetn, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(seekoff, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(seekpos, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(setbuf, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(sync, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(doallocate, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(read, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(write, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(seek, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(close, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(stat, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(showmanyc, NULL),
  JUMP_INIT(imbue, NULL)
};
 
 
 
static int
__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow (FILE *fp, int ch)
{
  struct __printf_buffer_as_file *file = (struct __printf_buffer_as_file *) fp;
 
  __printf_buffer_as_file_commit (file);
 
  /* EOF means only a flush is requested.   */
  if (ch != EOF)
    __printf_buffer_putc (file->next, ch);
 
  /* Ensure that flushing actually produces room.  */
  if (!__printf_buffer_has_failed (file->next)
      && file->next->write_ptr == file->next->write_end)
    __printf_buffer_flush (file->next);
    [...]
}
static int
__printf_buffer_as_file_overflow (FILE *fp, int ch)
{
  struct __printf_buffer_as_file *file = (struct __printf_buffer_as_file *) fp;
 
  __printf_buffer_as_file_commit (file);
 
  /* EOF means only a flush is requested.   */
  if (ch != EOF)
    __printf_buffer_putc (file->next, ch);
 
  /* Ensure that flushing actually produces room.  */
  if (!__printf_buffer_has_failed (file->next)
      && file->next->write_ptr == file->next->write_end)
    __printf_buffer_flush (file->next);
    [...]
}
 
static void
__printf_buffer_as_file_commit (struct __printf_buffer_as_file *file)
{
  /* Check that the write pointers in the file stream are consistent
     with the next buffer*/
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_ptr >= file->next->write_ptr);
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_ptr <= file->next->write_end);
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_base == file->next->write_base);
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_end == file->next->write_end);
 
  file->next->write_ptr = file->stream._IO_write_ptr;
}
static void
__printf_buffer_as_file_commit (struct __printf_buffer_as_file *file)
{
  /* Check that the write pointers in the file stream are consistent
     with the next buffer*/
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_ptr >= file->next->write_ptr);
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_ptr <= file->next->write_end);
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_base == file->next->write_base);
  assert (file->stream._IO_write_end == file->next->write_end);
 
  file->next->write_ptr = file->stream._IO_write_ptr;
}
 
static inline void
__printf_buffer_putc (struct __printf_buffer *buf, char ch)
{
  if (buf->write_ptr != buf->write_end)
      *buf->write_ptr++ = ch;
  else
    __printf_buffer_putc_1 (buf, ch);
}
static inline void
__printf_buffer_putc (struct __printf_buffer *buf, char ch)
{
  if (buf->write_ptr != buf->write_end)
      *buf->write_ptr++ = ch;
  else
    __printf_buffer_putc_1 (buf, ch);
}
 
 

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最后于 2023-5-25 19:59 被7resp4ss编辑 ,原因: 修改错误
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不是...怎么就只有一行..啊,原来是emoji表情会截断...

最后于 2023-3-14 17:06 被7resp4ss编辑 ,原因:
2023-3-14 16:58
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没有7od一半
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2.37的关键是增加了Xprintf相关内容,
__printf_buffer_flush => Xprintf_buffer_flush => Xprintf (buffer_do_flush) (buf);  => __printf_buffer_do_flush
2023-3-14 20:18
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我超啊 2.37的关键是增加了Xprintf相关内容, __printf_buffer_flush => Xprintf_buffer_flush => Xprintf (buffer_do_f ...
谢谢师傅指出不足点,我修改一下
2023-3-17 20:09
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师傅,可以教下2.37下调试符号解决方案吗
2023-7-8 15:02
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2023-8-26 16:21
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sky_123
好牛!给跪了!!
2023-9-19 23:46
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sky_123
binsh偏移是0x110+0x18,是不是应该下移一格?
2024-4-17 18:34
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