-
-
[原创]Linux内核入门——驱动模块
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发表于: 2022-1-19 20:54 34371
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这里会给出一个简单的例子来展示Linux内核模块的编写过程。下面是虚拟机环境信息:
要编译内核模块,还需要安装以下软件包:
以下代码实现了一个简单的内核模块。MODULE_LICENSE
是模块声明,不加这句在ubuntu 20下编译会报error。模块加载时会执行init_module
,模块卸载时会执行cleanup_module
:
然后编辑Makefile来构建模块(这里需要注意制表符的长度,Makefile对格式有严格要求):
按照以上的Makefile进行编译,最终会得到一个sample.ko的内核模块(还有一些编译过程中产生的文件):
可以使用modinfo
命令查看刚才创建的模块信息:
字符设备驱动是一种在不使用缓冲区高速缓存的情况下一次读取和写入一个字符数据的驱动程序,例如:键盘、声卡、打印机驱动程序。
此外还有块设备和网络驱动程序:
file_operations
结构是为字符设备、块设备驱动程序与通用程序之间的通信提供的接口。可以使用结构体内的函数指针,例如:read
, write
, open
, release
, unlocked_ioctl
。而网络设备不使用file_operations
结构,应当使用include/linux/netdevice.h中的net_device
结构体。
下面是Linux 5.11的file_operations
结构体内容:
使用下面的方式绑定设备模块中的open
函数,在使用open
系统调用时内核会输出“chardev_open”:
环境信息(这里我换了个ubuntu的环境,不过小版本差别不大):
编写如下模块源码,保存为chardev.c:
关于这段代码:
编写Makefile:
make
后会得到驱动文件chardev.ko和一些其他文件:
然后测试使用insmod
装载模块并用dmesg
查看内核输出的信息:
接下来我们创建设备文件,然后测试open
系统调用是否触发内核输出“chardev_open”。步骤如下:
使用dmesg
检查内核是否输出字符串。也就是说,可以通过echo
命令操作chardev_open
函数。
这次在file_operations
绑定更多的函数:open
, release
, read
, write
。
源码解读:
Makefile如下:
这次需要使用C代码来调用模块接口。编写如下测试程序test.c:
现在make
一下模块文件:
在将模块注册到内核之前,先将注册模块时自动创建的设备文件的规则保存到/etc/udev/rules.d路径下(需要root权限):
当使用insmod
注册模块时,会在/dev路径下自动创建两个设备chardev0和chardev1,这两个设备的权限是666,普通用户也可以访问:
然后编译test.c运行,并观察open
、read
、write
、release
函数对应在内核中的输出:
或者以另一种方式来测试模块文件。编写如下代码为test1.c:
编译运行后,从test1的运行结果得知,相同的模块或相同的设备,但用于存储传递的字符串的堆地址不同:
ioctl
是一种用于获取硬件控制和状态信息的操作。通过read
和write
可以实现数据读写等功能,但无法检查硬件控制和状态信息,例如SPI通信速度、I2C等不能仅通过读写操作完成。例如CD-ROM设备驱动程序提供了一个ioctl
请求代码,可以使物理设备弹出磁盘。
ioctl
函数原型如下:
参数fd
是从open
函数获得的文件描述符;request
是传递给设备的命令;除此之外还可以根据开发人员的设置创建其他参数。其他更多的描述可以查看manpage。
Linux头文件/usr/include/asm/ioctl.h定义了该用来写ioctl
命令的宏。可以使用如下宏命令形式:
宏的参数值由以下形式组成:
可以像下面这样定义ioctl
宏:
可以使用以下宏检查定义的命令宏的字段值:
现在编写测试用例。我们把头文件和C代码分开来,chardev.h头文件内容编写如下:
C文件代码如下,保存为chardev.c:
源码解读:
Makefile如下:
编写如下测试程序,用于调用上面的模块接口,保存为test.c:
测试程序工作原理:
接下来编译模块文件、测试程序并运行它们:
观察运行结果,可以看到ioctl的调用过程:
对于Kernel Exploit,需要了解两个函数:prepare_kernel_cred
和commit_creds
。通过上面的简单了解,现在我们来使用这两个函数来编写一个用于提权的驱动模块。
源码如下(Linux 5.11):
函数执行过程:
init_cred
结构体保存着进程初始的权限信息,源码如下:
这个结构体里面的重要字段是uid
、gid
、suid
、sgid
,通过它们来设置root权限。也就是说,当执行prepare_kernel_cred
函数时将NULL
作为参数传递时,会进入else
分支执行get_cred(&init_cred)
,返回一个root权限的cred
结构体。
此函数将新的凭证安装到当前进程中,源码:
它的执行过程如下:
让我们使用上面的内容来获取root权限。
编写头文件escalation.h:
编写如下代码,存储为escalation.c
源码解读:
Makefile如下:
接下来编写Exp文件,命名为Exploit.c:
上一节的chardev0设备文件我并没有删除,并且代码没有太大变化,就懒得重新创建设备文件了,所以在这里直接打开就行。
最后我们编译并注册模块:
最后编译Exploit文件,运行后可以得到root权限的shell:
我们检查内核输出也印证了过程没有问题:
01.Development of Kernel Module
https://github.com/Lazenca/Kernel-exploit-tech
➜ ~ uname
-
a
Linux unravel
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic
#51~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 06:51:40 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
➜ ~ gcc
-
-
version
gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
➜ ~ make
-
-
version
GNU Make
4.2
.
1
➜ ~ uname
-
a
Linux unravel
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic
#51~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 06:51:40 UTC 2022 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
➜ ~ gcc
-
-
version
gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
➜ ~ make
-
-
version
GNU Make
4.2
.
1
sudo apt
-
get install build
-
essential
sudo apt
-
get install build
-
essential
#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */
MODULE_LICENSE(
"GPL"
);
int
init_module(void) {
printk(KERN_INFO
"Hello world - unr4v31.\n"
);
return
0
;
}
void cleanup_module(void) {
printk(KERN_INFO
"Goodbye world - unr4v31.\n"
);
}
#include <linux/module.h> /* Needed by all modules */
#include <linux/kernel.h> /* Needed for KERN_INFO */
MODULE_LICENSE(
"GPL"
);
int
init_module(void) {
printk(KERN_INFO
"Hello world - unr4v31.\n"
);
return
0
;
}
void cleanup_module(void) {
printk(KERN_INFO
"Goodbye world - unr4v31.\n"
);
}
obj
-
m
+
=
sample.o
all
:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(PWD) modules
clean:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(PWD) clean
obj
-
m
+
=
sample.o
all
:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(PWD) modules
clean:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(PWD) clean
➜ sample ls
Makefile modules.order Module.symvers sample.c sample.ko sample.mod sample.mod.c sample.mod.o sample.o
➜ sample ls
Makefile modules.order Module.symvers sample.c sample.ko sample.mod sample.mod.c sample.mod.o sample.o
➜ sample modinfo sample.ko
filename:
/
home
/
unravel
/
Desktop
/
sample
/
sample.ko
license: GPL
srcversion: AFEF977BDFC4AE5E3821000
depends:
retpoline: Y
name: sample
vermagic:
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic SMP mod_unload modversions
➜ sample modinfo sample.ko
filename:
/
home
/
unravel
/
Desktop
/
sample
/
sample.ko
license: GPL
srcversion: AFEF977BDFC4AE5E3821000
depends:
retpoline: Y
name: sample
vermagic:
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic SMP mod_unload modversions
➜ sample lsmod
Module Size Used by
sample
16384
0
nls_iso8859_1
16384
1
nvidia_uvm
1028096
0
intel_rapl_msr
20480
0
intel_rapl_common
24576
1
intel_rapl_msr
nvidia_drm
61440
10
nvidia_modeset
1150976
13
nvidia_drm
x86_pkg_temp_thermal
20480
0
......
sample
16384
0
......
➜ sample lsmod
Module Size Used by
sample
16384
0
nls_iso8859_1
16384
1
nvidia_uvm
1028096
0
intel_rapl_msr
20480
0
intel_rapl_common
24576
1
intel_rapl_msr
nvidia_drm
61440
10
nvidia_modeset
1150976
13
nvidia_drm
x86_pkg_temp_thermal
20480
0
......
sample
16384
0
......
➜ sample dmesg
[
0.000000
] microcode: microcode updated early to revision
0xea
, date
=
2021
-
01
-
05
[
0.000000
] Linux version
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic (buildd@lgw01
-
amd64
-
010
) (gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
, GNU ld (GNU Binutils
for
Ubuntu)
2.34
)
#51~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 06:51:40 UTC 2022 (Ubuntu 5.11.0-46.51~20.04.1-generic 5.11.22)
......
[
20.474554
] audit:
type
=
1400
audit(
1642506075.478
:
44
): apparmor
=
"DENIED"
operation
=
"open"
profile
=
"snap.snap-store.ubuntu-software"
name
=
"/etc/PackageKit/Vendor.conf"
pid
=
2760
comm
=
"snap-store"
requested_mask
=
"r"
denied_mask
=
"r"
fsuid
=
1000
ouid
=
0
[
6287.886473
] perf: interrupt took too
long
(
2501
>
2500
), lowering kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to
79750
[
8920.311392
] Hello world
-
unr4v31.
➜ sample dmesg
[
0.000000
] microcode: microcode updated early to revision
0xea
, date
=
2021
-
01
-
05
[
0.000000
] Linux version
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic (buildd@lgw01
-
amd64
-
010
) (gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
, GNU ld (GNU Binutils
for
Ubuntu)
2.34
)
#51~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 06:51:40 UTC 2022 (Ubuntu 5.11.0-46.51~20.04.1-generic 5.11.22)
......
[
20.474554
] audit:
type
=
1400
audit(
1642506075.478
:
44
): apparmor
=
"DENIED"
operation
=
"open"
profile
=
"snap.snap-store.ubuntu-software"
name
=
"/etc/PackageKit/Vendor.conf"
pid
=
2760
comm
=
"snap-store"
requested_mask
=
"r"
denied_mask
=
"r"
fsuid
=
1000
ouid
=
0
[
6287.886473
] perf: interrupt took too
long
(
2501
>
2500
), lowering kernel.perf_event_max_sample_rate to
79750
[
8920.311392
] Hello world
-
unr4v31.
➜ sample sudo rmmod sample
➜ sample dmesg
[
0.000000
] microcode: microcode updated early to revision
0xea
, date
=
2021
-
01
-
05
[
0.000000
] Linux version
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic (buildd@lgw01
-
amd64
-
010
) (gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
, GNU ld (GNU Binutils
for
Ubuntu)
2.34
)
#51~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 06:51:40 UTC 2022 (Ubuntu 5.11.0-46.51~20.04.1-generic 5.11.22)
......
[
8920.311392
] Hello world
-
unr4v31.
[
8961.827092
] Goodbye world
-
unr4v31.
➜ sample sudo rmmod sample
➜ sample dmesg
[
0.000000
] microcode: microcode updated early to revision
0xea
, date
=
2021
-
01
-
05
[
0.000000
] Linux version
5.11
.
0
-
46
-
generic (buildd@lgw01
-
amd64
-
010
) (gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
, GNU ld (GNU Binutils
for
Ubuntu)
2.34
)
#51~20.04.1-Ubuntu SMP Fri Jan 7 06:51:40 UTC 2022 (Ubuntu 5.11.0-46.51~20.04.1-generic 5.11.22)
......
[
8920.311392
] Hello world
-
unr4v31.
[
8961.827092
] Goodbye world
-
unr4v31.
struct file_operations {
struct module
*
owner;
loff_t (
*
llseek) (struct
file
*
, loff_t,
int
);
ssize_t (
*
read) (struct
file
*
, char __user
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
ssize_t (
*
write) (struct
file
*
, const char __user
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
ssize_t (
*
read_iter) (struct kiocb
*
, struct iov_iter
*
);
ssize_t (
*
write_iter) (struct kiocb
*
, struct iov_iter
*
);
int
(
*
iopoll)(struct kiocb
*
kiocb,
bool
spin);
int
(
*
iterate) (struct
file
*
, struct dir_context
*
);
int
(
*
iterate_shared) (struct
file
*
, struct dir_context
*
);
__poll_t (
*
poll) (struct
file
*
, struct poll_table_struct
*
);
long
(
*
unlocked_ioctl) (struct
file
*
, unsigned
int
, unsigned
long
);
long
(
*
compat_ioctl) (struct
file
*
, unsigned
int
, unsigned
long
);
int
(
*
mmap) (struct
file
*
, struct vm_area_struct
*
);
unsigned
long
mmap_supported_flags;
int
(
*
open
) (struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
int
(
*
flush) (struct
file
*
, fl_owner_t
id
);
int
(
*
release) (struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
int
(
*
fsync) (struct
file
*
, loff_t, loff_t,
int
datasync);
int
(
*
fasync) (
int
, struct
file
*
,
int
);
int
(
*
lock) (struct
file
*
,
int
, struct file_lock
*
);
ssize_t (
*
sendpage) (struct
file
*
, struct page
*
,
int
, size_t, loff_t
*
,
int
);
unsigned
long
(
*
get_unmapped_area)(struct
file
*
, unsigned
long
, unsigned
long
, unsigned
long
, unsigned
long
);
int
(
*
check_flags)(
int
);
int
(
*
flock) (struct
file
*
,
int
, struct file_lock
*
);
ssize_t (
*
splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info
*
, struct
file
*
, loff_t
*
, size_t, unsigned
int
);
ssize_t (
*
splice_read)(struct
file
*
, loff_t
*
, struct pipe_inode_info
*
, size_t, unsigned
int
);
int
(
*
setlease)(struct
file
*
,
long
, struct file_lock
*
*
, void
*
*
);
long
(
*
fallocate)(struct
file
*
file
,
int
mode, loff_t offset,
loff_t
len
);
void (
*
show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file
*
m, struct
file
*
f);
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
unsigned (
*
mmap_capabilities)(struct
file
*
);
#endif
ssize_t (
*
copy_file_range)(struct
file
*
, loff_t, struct
file
*
,
loff_t, size_t, unsigned
int
);
loff_t (
*
remap_file_range)(struct
file
*
file_in, loff_t pos_in,
struct
file
*
file_out, loff_t pos_out,
loff_t
len
, unsigned
int
remap_flags);
int
(
*
fadvise)(struct
file
*
, loff_t, loff_t,
int
);
} __randomize_layout;
struct file_operations {
struct module
*
owner;
loff_t (
*
llseek) (struct
file
*
, loff_t,
int
);
ssize_t (
*
read) (struct
file
*
, char __user
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
ssize_t (
*
write) (struct
file
*
, const char __user
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
ssize_t (
*
read_iter) (struct kiocb
*
, struct iov_iter
*
);
ssize_t (
*
write_iter) (struct kiocb
*
, struct iov_iter
*
);
int
(
*
iopoll)(struct kiocb
*
kiocb,
bool
spin);
int
(
*
iterate) (struct
file
*
, struct dir_context
*
);
int
(
*
iterate_shared) (struct
file
*
, struct dir_context
*
);
__poll_t (
*
poll) (struct
file
*
, struct poll_table_struct
*
);
long
(
*
unlocked_ioctl) (struct
file
*
, unsigned
int
, unsigned
long
);
long
(
*
compat_ioctl) (struct
file
*
, unsigned
int
, unsigned
long
);
int
(
*
mmap) (struct
file
*
, struct vm_area_struct
*
);
unsigned
long
mmap_supported_flags;
int
(
*
open
) (struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
int
(
*
flush) (struct
file
*
, fl_owner_t
id
);
int
(
*
release) (struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
int
(
*
fsync) (struct
file
*
, loff_t, loff_t,
int
datasync);
int
(
*
fasync) (
int
, struct
file
*
,
int
);
int
(
*
lock) (struct
file
*
,
int
, struct file_lock
*
);
ssize_t (
*
sendpage) (struct
file
*
, struct page
*
,
int
, size_t, loff_t
*
,
int
);
unsigned
long
(
*
get_unmapped_area)(struct
file
*
, unsigned
long
, unsigned
long
, unsigned
long
, unsigned
long
);
int
(
*
check_flags)(
int
);
int
(
*
flock) (struct
file
*
,
int
, struct file_lock
*
);
ssize_t (
*
splice_write)(struct pipe_inode_info
*
, struct
file
*
, loff_t
*
, size_t, unsigned
int
);
ssize_t (
*
splice_read)(struct
file
*
, loff_t
*
, struct pipe_inode_info
*
, size_t, unsigned
int
);
int
(
*
setlease)(struct
file
*
,
long
, struct file_lock
*
*
, void
*
*
);
long
(
*
fallocate)(struct
file
*
file
,
int
mode, loff_t offset,
loff_t
len
);
void (
*
show_fdinfo)(struct seq_file
*
m, struct
file
*
f);
#ifndef CONFIG_MMU
unsigned (
*
mmap_capabilities)(struct
file
*
);
#endif
ssize_t (
*
copy_file_range)(struct
file
*
, loff_t, struct
file
*
,
loff_t, size_t, unsigned
int
);
loff_t (
*
remap_file_range)(struct
file
*
file_in, loff_t pos_in,
struct
file
*
file_out, loff_t pos_out,
loff_t
len
, unsigned
int
remap_flags);
int
(
*
fadvise)(struct
file
*
, loff_t, loff_t,
int
);
} __randomize_layout;
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"chardev_open"
);
return
0
;
}
struct file_operations chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
};
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"chardev_open"
);
return
0
;
}
struct file_operations chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
};
➜ ~ uname
-
a
Linux unravel
5.11
.
0
-
43
-
generic
#47~20.04.2-Ubuntu SMP Mon Dec 13 11:06:56 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
➜ ~ gcc
-
-
version
gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
➜ ~ make
-
-
version
GNU Make
4.2
.
1
➜ ~ uname
-
a
Linux unravel
5.11
.
0
-
43
-
generic
#47~20.04.2-Ubuntu SMP Mon Dec 13 11:06:56 UTC 2021 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
➜ ~ gcc
-
-
version
gcc (Ubuntu
9.3
.
0
-
17ubuntu1
~
20.04
)
9.3
.
0
➜ ~ make
-
-
version
GNU Make
4.2
.
1
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/current.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev"
#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "chardev"
#define MAJOR_NUM 100
MODULE_LICENSE(
"GPL"
);
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"chardev_open"
);
return
0
;
}
struct file_operations chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
};
static
int
chardev_init(void)
{
int
ret_val;
ret_val
=
register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops);
if
(ret_val <
0
) {
printk(KERN_ALERT
"%s failed with %d\n"
,
"Sorry, registering the character device "
, ret_val);
return
ret_val;
}
printk(KERN_INFO
"%s The major device number is %d.\n"
,
"Registeration is a success"
, MAJOR_NUM);
printk(KERN_INFO
"If you want to talk to the device driver,\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"you'll have to create a device file. \n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"We suggest you use:\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"mknod %s c %d 0\n"
, DEVICE_FILE_NAME, MAJOR_NUM);
printk(KERN_INFO
"The device file name is important, because\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"the ioctl program assumes that's the\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"file you'll use.\n"
);
return
0
;
}
static void chardev_exit(void)
{
unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
}
module_init(chardev_init);
module_exit(chardev_exit);
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/current.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#define DEVICE_NAME "chardev"
#define DEVICE_FILE_NAME "chardev"
#define MAJOR_NUM 100
MODULE_LICENSE(
"GPL"
);
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"chardev_open"
);
return
0
;
}
struct file_operations chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
};
static
int
chardev_init(void)
{
int
ret_val;
ret_val
=
register_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME, &chardev_fops);
if
(ret_val <
0
) {
printk(KERN_ALERT
"%s failed with %d\n"
,
"Sorry, registering the character device "
, ret_val);
return
ret_val;
}
printk(KERN_INFO
"%s The major device number is %d.\n"
,
"Registeration is a success"
, MAJOR_NUM);
printk(KERN_INFO
"If you want to talk to the device driver,\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"you'll have to create a device file. \n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"We suggest you use:\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"mknod %s c %d 0\n"
, DEVICE_FILE_NAME, MAJOR_NUM);
printk(KERN_INFO
"The device file name is important, because\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"the ioctl program assumes that's the\n"
);
printk(KERN_INFO
"file you'll use.\n"
);
return
0
;
}
static void chardev_exit(void)
{
unregister_chrdev(MAJOR_NUM, DEVICE_NAME);
}
module_init(chardev_init);
module_exit(chardev_exit);
obj
-
m :
=
chardev.o
all
:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) modules
clean:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) clean
obj
-
m :
=
chardev.o
all
:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) modules
clean:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) clean
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/current.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
MODULE_LICENSE(
"GPL"
);
#define DRIVER_NAME "chardev"
#define BUFFER_SIZE 256
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_BASE
=
0
;
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_NUM
=
2
;
static unsigned
int
chardev_major;
static struct cdev chardev_cdev;
static struct
class
*
chardev_class
=
NULL;
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static
int
chardev_release(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_read(struct
file
*
, char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_write(struct
file
*
, const char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
struct file_operations chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
.release
=
chardev_release,
.read
=
chardev_read,
.write
=
chardev_write,
};
struct data {
unsigned char
buffer
[BUFFER_SIZE];
};
static
int
chardev_init(void)
{
int
alloc_ret
=
0
;
int
cdev_err
=
0
;
int
minor;
dev_t dev;
printk(
"The chardev_init() function has been called."
);
alloc_ret
=
alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, MINOR_BASE, MINOR_NUM, DRIVER_NAME);
if
(alloc_ret !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"alloc_chrdev_region = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
return
-
1
;
}
/
/
Get the major number value
in
dev.
chardev_major
=
MAJOR(dev);
dev
=
MKDEV(chardev_major, MINOR_BASE);
/
/
initialize a cdev structure
cdev_init(&chardev_cdev, &chardev_fops);
chardev_cdev.owner
=
THIS_MODULE;
/
/
add a char device to the system
cdev_err
=
cdev_add(&chardev_cdev, dev, MINOR_NUM);
if
(cdev_err !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"cdev_add = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
chardev_class
=
class_create(THIS_MODULE,
"chardev"
);
if
(IS_ERR(chardev_class)) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"class_create\n"
);
cdev_del(&chardev_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
for
(minor
=
MINOR_BASE; minor < MINOR_BASE
+
MINOR_NUM; minor
+
+
) {
device_create(chardev_class, NULL, MKDEV(chardev_major, minor), NULL,
"chardev%d"
, minor);
}
return
0
;
}
static void chardev_exit(void)
{
int
minor;
dev_t dev
=
MKDEV(chardev_major, MINOR_BASE);
printk(
"The chardev_exit() function has been called."
);
for
(minor
=
MINOR_BASE; minor < MINOR_BASE
+
MINOR_NUM; minor
+
+
) {
device_destroy(chardev_class, MKDEV(chardev_major, minor));
}
class_destroy(chardev_class);
cdev_del(&chardev_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
}
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
char
*
str
=
"helloworld"
;
int
ret;
struct data
*
p
=
kmalloc(sizeof(struct data), GFP_KERNEL);
printk(
"The chardev_open() function has been called."
);
if
(p
=
=
NULL) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"kmalloc - Null"
);
return
-
ENOMEM;
}
ret
=
strlcpy(p
-
>
buffer
,
str
, sizeof(p
-
>
buffer
));
if
(ret > strlen(
str
)){
printk(KERN_ERR
"strlcpy - too long (%d)"
,ret);
}
file
-
>private_data
=
p;
return
0
;
}
static
int
chardev_release(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"The chardev_release() function has been called."
);
if
(
file
-
>private_data) {
kfree(
file
-
>private_data);
file
-
>private_data
=
NULL;
}
return
0
;
}
static ssize_t chardev_write(struct
file
*
filp, const char __user
*
buf, size_t count, loff_t
*
f_pos)
{
struct data
*
p
=
filp
-
>private_data;
printk(
"The chardev_write() function has been called."
);
printk(
"Before calling the copy_from_user() function : %p, %s"
,p
-
>
buffer
,p
-
>
buffer
);
if
(copy_from_user(p
-
>
buffer
, buf, count) !
=
0
) {
return
-
EFAULT;
}
printk(
"After calling the copy_from_user() function : %p, %s"
,p
-
>
buffer
,p
-
>
buffer
);
return
count;
}
static ssize_t chardev_read(struct
file
*
filp, char __user
*
buf, size_t count, loff_t
*
f_pos)
{
struct data
*
p
=
filp
-
>private_data;
printk(
"The chardev_read() function has been called."
);
if
(count > BUFFER_SIZE){
count
=
BUFFER_SIZE;
}
if
(copy_to_user(buf, p
-
>
buffer
, count) !
=
0
) {
return
-
EFAULT;
}
return
count;
}
module_init(chardev_init);
module_exit(chardev_exit);
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/current.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
MODULE_LICENSE(
"GPL"
);
#define DRIVER_NAME "chardev"
#define BUFFER_SIZE 256
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_BASE
=
0
;
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_NUM
=
2
;
static unsigned
int
chardev_major;
static struct cdev chardev_cdev;
static struct
class
*
chardev_class
=
NULL;
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static
int
chardev_release(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_read(struct
file
*
, char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_write(struct
file
*
, const char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
struct file_operations chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
.release
=
chardev_release,
.read
=
chardev_read,
.write
=
chardev_write,
};
struct data {
unsigned char
buffer
[BUFFER_SIZE];
};
static
int
chardev_init(void)
{
int
alloc_ret
=
0
;
int
cdev_err
=
0
;
int
minor;
dev_t dev;
printk(
"The chardev_init() function has been called."
);
alloc_ret
=
alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, MINOR_BASE, MINOR_NUM, DRIVER_NAME);
if
(alloc_ret !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"alloc_chrdev_region = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
return
-
1
;
}
/
/
Get the major number value
in
dev.
chardev_major
=
MAJOR(dev);
dev
=
MKDEV(chardev_major, MINOR_BASE);
/
/
initialize a cdev structure
cdev_init(&chardev_cdev, &chardev_fops);
chardev_cdev.owner
=
THIS_MODULE;
/
/
add a char device to the system
cdev_err
=
cdev_add(&chardev_cdev, dev, MINOR_NUM);
if
(cdev_err !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"cdev_add = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
chardev_class
=
class_create(THIS_MODULE,
"chardev"
);
if
(IS_ERR(chardev_class)) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"class_create\n"
);
cdev_del(&chardev_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
for
(minor
=
MINOR_BASE; minor < MINOR_BASE
+
MINOR_NUM; minor
+
+
) {
device_create(chardev_class, NULL, MKDEV(chardev_major, minor), NULL,
"chardev%d"
, minor);
}
return
0
;
}
static void chardev_exit(void)
{
int
minor;
dev_t dev
=
MKDEV(chardev_major, MINOR_BASE);
printk(
"The chardev_exit() function has been called."
);
for
(minor
=
MINOR_BASE; minor < MINOR_BASE
+
MINOR_NUM; minor
+
+
) {
device_destroy(chardev_class, MKDEV(chardev_major, minor));
}
class_destroy(chardev_class);
cdev_del(&chardev_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
}
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
char
*
str
=
"helloworld"
;
int
ret;
struct data
*
p
=
kmalloc(sizeof(struct data), GFP_KERNEL);
printk(
"The chardev_open() function has been called."
);
if
(p
=
=
NULL) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"kmalloc - Null"
);
return
-
ENOMEM;
}
ret
=
strlcpy(p
-
>
buffer
,
str
, sizeof(p
-
>
buffer
));
if
(ret > strlen(
str
)){
printk(KERN_ERR
"strlcpy - too long (%d)"
,ret);
}
file
-
>private_data
=
p;
return
0
;
}
static
int
chardev_release(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"The chardev_release() function has been called."
);
if
(
file
-
>private_data) {
kfree(
file
-
>private_data);
file
-
>private_data
=
NULL;
}
return
0
;
}
static ssize_t chardev_write(struct
file
*
filp, const char __user
*
buf, size_t count, loff_t
*
f_pos)
{
struct data
*
p
=
filp
-
>private_data;
printk(
"The chardev_write() function has been called."
);
printk(
"Before calling the copy_from_user() function : %p, %s"
,p
-
>
buffer
,p
-
>
buffer
);
if
(copy_from_user(p
-
>
buffer
, buf, count) !
=
0
) {
return
-
EFAULT;
}
printk(
"After calling the copy_from_user() function : %p, %s"
,p
-
>
buffer
,p
-
>
buffer
);
return
count;
}
static ssize_t chardev_read(struct
file
*
filp, char __user
*
buf, size_t count, loff_t
*
f_pos)
{
struct data
*
p
=
filp
-
>private_data;
printk(
"The chardev_read() function has been called."
);
if
(count > BUFFER_SIZE){
count
=
BUFFER_SIZE;
}
if
(copy_to_user(buf, p
-
>
buffer
, count) !
=
0
) {
return
-
EFAULT;
}
return
count;
}
module_init(chardev_init);
module_exit(chardev_exit);
obj
-
m :
=
chardev.o
all
:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) modules
clean:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) clean
obj
-
m :
=
chardev.o
all
:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) modules
clean:
make
-
C
/
lib
/
modules
/
$(shell uname
-
r)
/
build M
=
$(shell pwd) clean
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define TEXT_LEN 12
int
main()
{
static char buff[
256
];
int
fd;
if
((fd
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev0"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
){
printf(
"Cannot open /dev/chardev0. Try again later.\n"
);
}
if
(write(fd,
"unr4v31"
, TEXT_LEN) <
0
){
printf(
"Cannot write there.\n"
);
}
if
(read(fd, buff, TEXT_LEN) <
0
){
printf(
"An error occurred in the read.\n"
);
}
else
{
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
}
if
(close(fd) !
=
0
){
printf(
"Cannot close.\n"
);
}
return
0
;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
#define TEXT_LEN 12
int
main()
{
static char buff[
256
];
int
fd;
if
((fd
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev0"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
){
printf(
"Cannot open /dev/chardev0. Try again later.\n"
);
}
if
(write(fd,
"unr4v31"
, TEXT_LEN) <
0
){
printf(
"Cannot write there.\n"
);
}
if
(read(fd, buff, TEXT_LEN) <
0
){
printf(
"An error occurred in the read.\n"
);
}
else
{
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
}
if
(close(fd) !
=
0
){
printf(
"Cannot close.\n"
);
}
return
0
;
}
echo
'KERNEL == "chardev[0-9]*",GROUP="root",MODE="0666"'
>>
/
etc
/
udev
/
rules.d
/
80
-
chardev.rules
echo
'KERNEL == "chardev[0-9]*",GROUP="root",MODE="0666"'
>>
/
etc
/
udev
/
rules.d
/
80
-
chardev.rules
sudo insmod chardev.ko
sudo insmod chardev.ko
gcc
-
o test test.c
.
/
test
gcc
-
o test test.c
.
/
test
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
int
main()
{
static char buff[
256
];
int
fd0_A, fd0_B, fd1_A;
if
((fd0_A
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev0"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
) perror(
"open"
);
if
((fd0_B
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev0"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
) perror(
"open"
);
if
((fd1_A
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev1"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
) perror(
"open"
);
if
(write(fd0_A,
"0_A"
,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"write"
);
if
(write(fd0_B,
"0_B"
,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"write"
);
if
(write(fd1_A,
"1_A"
,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"write"
);
if
(read(fd0_A, buff,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"read"
);
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
if
(read(fd0_B, buff,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"read"
);
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
if
(read(fd1_A, buff,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"read"
);
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
if
(close(fd0_A) !
=
0
) perror(
"close"
);
if
(close(fd0_B) !
=
0
) perror(
"close"
);
if
(close(fd1_A) !
=
0
) perror(
"close"
);
return
0
;
}
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <errno.h>
int
main()
{
static char buff[
256
];
int
fd0_A, fd0_B, fd1_A;
if
((fd0_A
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev0"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
) perror(
"open"
);
if
((fd0_B
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev0"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
) perror(
"open"
);
if
((fd1_A
=
open
(
"/dev/chardev1"
, O_RDWR)) <
0
) perror(
"open"
);
if
(write(fd0_A,
"0_A"
,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"write"
);
if
(write(fd0_B,
"0_B"
,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"write"
);
if
(write(fd1_A,
"1_A"
,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"write"
);
if
(read(fd0_A, buff,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"read"
);
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
if
(read(fd0_B, buff,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"read"
);
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
if
(read(fd1_A, buff,
4
) <
0
) perror(
"read"
);
printf(
"%s\n"
, buff);
if
(close(fd0_A) !
=
0
) perror(
"close"
);
if
(close(fd0_B) !
=
0
) perror(
"close"
);
if
(close(fd1_A) !
=
0
) perror(
"close"
);
return
0
;
}
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
int
ioctl(
int
d,
int
request, ...);
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
int
ioctl(
int
d,
int
request, ...);
_IO(
int
type
,
int
number)
/
*
type
, number用于简单的ioctl传递
*
/
_IOR(
int
type
,
int
number, data_type)
/
*
用于从设备驱动程序读取数据
*
/
_IOW(
int
type
,
int
number, data_type)
/
*
用于从设备驱动程序写入数据
*
/
_IORW(
int
type
,
int
number, data_type)
/
*
用于从设备驱动程序写入和读取数据
*
/
_IO(
int
type
,
int
number)
/
*
type
, number用于简单的ioctl传递
*
/
_IOR(
int
type
,
int
number, data_type)
/
*
用于从设备驱动程序读取数据
*
/
_IOW(
int
type
,
int
number, data_type)
/
*
用于从设备驱动程序写入数据
*
/
_IORW(
int
type
,
int
number, data_type)
/
*
用于从设备驱动程序写入和读取数据
*
/
struct ioctl_info{
unsigned
long
size;
unsigned
int
buf[
128
];
};
#define IOCTL_MAGIC 'G'
#define SET_DATA _IOW(IOCTL_MAGIC, 2 , ioctl_info )
#define GET_DATA _IOR(IOCTL_MAGIC, 3 , ioctl_info )
struct ioctl_info{
unsigned
long
size;
unsigned
int
buf[
128
];
};
#define IOCTL_MAGIC 'G'
#define SET_DATA _IOW(IOCTL_MAGIC, 2 , ioctl_info )
#define GET_DATA _IOR(IOCTL_MAGIC, 3 , ioctl_info )
_IOC_NR()
/
*
读取number字段值的宏
*
/
_IOC_TYPE()
/
*
读取
type
字段值的宏
*
/
_IOC_SIZE()
/
*
读取data_type字段的宏
*
/
_IOC_DIR()
/
*
读取和写入属性字段值的宏
*
/
_IOC_NR()
/
*
读取number字段值的宏
*
/
_IOC_TYPE()
/
*
读取
type
字段值的宏
*
/
_IOC_SIZE()
/
*
读取data_type字段的宏
*
/
_IOC_DIR()
/
*
读取和写入属性字段值的宏
*
/
#ifndef CHAR_DEV_H_
#define CHAR_DEV_H_
#include <linux/ioctl.h>
struct ioctl_info{
unsigned
long
size;
char buf[
128
];
};
#define IOCTL_MAGIC 'G'
#define SET_DATA _IOW(IOCTL_MAGIC, 2 ,struct ioctl_info)
#define GET_DATA _IOR(IOCTL_MAGIC, 3 ,struct ioctl_info)
#endif
#ifndef CHAR_DEV_H_
#define CHAR_DEV_H_
#include <linux/ioctl.h>
struct ioctl_info{
unsigned
long
size;
char buf[
128
];
};
#define IOCTL_MAGIC 'G'
#define SET_DATA _IOW(IOCTL_MAGIC, 2 ,struct ioctl_info)
#define GET_DATA _IOR(IOCTL_MAGIC, 3 ,struct ioctl_info)
#endif
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/current.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include "chardev.h"
MODULE_LICENSE(
"Dual BSD/GPL"
);
#define DRIVER_NAME "chardev"
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_BASE
=
0
;
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_NUM
=
1
;
static unsigned
int
chardev_major;
static struct cdev chardev_cdev;
static struct
class
*
chardev_class
=
NULL;
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static
int
chardev_release(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_read(struct
file
*
, char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_write(struct
file
*
, const char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
static
long
chardev_ioctl(struct
file
*
, unsigned
int
, unsigned
long
);
struct file_operations s_chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
.release
=
chardev_release,
.read
=
chardev_read,
.write
=
chardev_write,
.unlocked_ioctl
=
chardev_ioctl,
};
static
int
chardev_init(void)
{
int
alloc_ret
=
0
;
int
cdev_err
=
0
;
int
minor
=
0
;
dev_t dev;
printk(
"The chardev_init() function has been called."
);
alloc_ret
=
alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, MINOR_BASE, MINOR_NUM, DRIVER_NAME);
if
(alloc_ret !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"alloc_chrdev_region = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
return
-
1
;
}
/
/
Get the major number value
in
dev.
chardev_major
=
MAJOR(dev);
dev
=
MKDEV(chardev_major, MINOR_BASE);
/
/
initialize a cdev structure
cdev_init(&chardev_cdev, &s_chardev_fops);
chardev_cdev.owner
=
THIS_MODULE;
/
/
add a char device to the system
cdev_err
=
cdev_add(&chardev_cdev, dev, MINOR_NUM);
if
(cdev_err !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"cdev_add = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
chardev_class
=
class_create(THIS_MODULE,
"chardev"
);
if
(IS_ERR(chardev_class)) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"class_create\n"
);
cdev_del(&chardev_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
device_create(chardev_class, NULL, MKDEV(chardev_major, minor), NULL,
"chardev%d"
, minor);
return
0
;
}
static void chardev_exit(void)
{
int
minor
=
0
;
dev_t dev
=
MKDEV(chardev_major, MINOR_BASE);
printk(
"The chardev_exit() function has been called."
);
device_destroy(chardev_class, MKDEV(chardev_major, minor));
class_destroy(chardev_class);
cdev_del(&chardev_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
}
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"The chardev_open() function has been called."
);
return
0
;
}
static
int
chardev_release(struct inode
*
inode, struct
file
*
file
)
{
printk(
"The chardev_close() function has been called."
);
return
0
;
}
static ssize_t chardev_write(struct
file
*
filp, const char __user
*
buf, size_t count, loff_t
*
f_pos)
{
printk(
"The chardev_write() function has been called."
);
return
count;
}
static ssize_t chardev_read(struct
file
*
filp, char __user
*
buf, size_t count, loff_t
*
f_pos)
{
printk(
"The chardev_read() function has been called."
);
return
count;
}
static struct ioctl_info info;
static
long
chardev_ioctl(struct
file
*
filp, unsigned
int
cmd, unsigned
long
arg)
{
printk(
"The chardev_ioctl() function has been called."
);
switch (cmd) {
case SET_DATA:
printk(
"SET_DATA\n"
);
if
(copy_from_user(&info, (void __user
*
)arg, sizeof(info))) {
return
-
EFAULT;
}
printk(
"info.size : %ld, info.buf : %s"
,info.size, info.buf);
break
;
case GET_DATA:
printk(
"GET_DATA\n"
);
if
(copy_to_user((void __user
*
)arg, &info, sizeof(info))) {
return
-
EFAULT;
}
break
;
default:
printk(KERN_WARNING
"unsupported command %d\n"
, cmd);
return
-
EFAULT;
}
return
0
;
}
module_init(chardev_init);
module_exit(chardev_exit);
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <linux/cdev.h>
#include <linux/sched.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <asm/current.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include "chardev.h"
MODULE_LICENSE(
"Dual BSD/GPL"
);
#define DRIVER_NAME "chardev"
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_BASE
=
0
;
static const unsigned
int
MINOR_NUM
=
1
;
static unsigned
int
chardev_major;
static struct cdev chardev_cdev;
static struct
class
*
chardev_class
=
NULL;
static
int
chardev_open(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static
int
chardev_release(struct inode
*
, struct
file
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_read(struct
file
*
, char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
static ssize_t chardev_write(struct
file
*
, const char
*
, size_t, loff_t
*
);
static
long
chardev_ioctl(struct
file
*
, unsigned
int
, unsigned
long
);
struct file_operations s_chardev_fops
=
{
.
open
=
chardev_open,
.release
=
chardev_release,
.read
=
chardev_read,
.write
=
chardev_write,
.unlocked_ioctl
=
chardev_ioctl,
};
static
int
chardev_init(void)
{
int
alloc_ret
=
0
;
int
cdev_err
=
0
;
int
minor
=
0
;
dev_t dev;
printk(
"The chardev_init() function has been called."
);
alloc_ret
=
alloc_chrdev_region(&dev, MINOR_BASE, MINOR_NUM, DRIVER_NAME);
if
(alloc_ret !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"alloc_chrdev_region = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
return
-
1
;
}
/
/
Get the major number value
in
dev.
chardev_major
=
MAJOR(dev);
dev
=
MKDEV(chardev_major, MINOR_BASE);
/
/
initialize a cdev structure
cdev_init(&chardev_cdev, &s_chardev_fops);
chardev_cdev.owner
=
THIS_MODULE;
/
/
add a char device to the system
cdev_err
=
cdev_add(&chardev_cdev, dev, MINOR_NUM);
if
(cdev_err !
=
0
) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"cdev_add = %d\n"
, alloc_ret);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
chardev_class
=
class_create(THIS_MODULE,
"chardev"
);
if
(IS_ERR(chardev_class)) {
printk(KERN_ERR
"class_create\n"
);
cdev_del(&chardev_cdev);
unregister_chrdev_region(dev, MINOR_NUM);
return
-
1
;
}
device_create(chardev_class, NULL, MKDEV(chardev_major, minor), NULL,
"chardev%d"
, minor);
return
0
;
}
static void chardev_exit(void)
{
int
minor
=
0
;