题目附件给了一个tff(TrueTypeFont )文件,在该文件中嵌入一个wasm, 该wasm文件的源码通过rust编写,该代码写了flag的checker部分,checker部分算法使用chacha20加密,通过字体的控制完成映射,并显示,显示结果:
flag错时:
flag对时:
首先将ttf文件放到010 editor中观察
在ttf最后一个成员gasp 后往下的一部分 出现asm(wasm的magic number)
推测这里是嵌入了wasm文件(实际就是harfbuzz中可选的wasm shaper )
使用python脚本提取:
end的选取 在使用wasm2wat等工具时会报错,根据报错逐渐调整end
可以看到结尾的‘字符串’是/+.\S*$/的格式, 按照这个规律challenge的wasm的end应在这里:
当然也可以自己编译一个wasm比较一下,下面是我自己编译的demo.wasm(wasm-pack 构建rust项目)[[how to Compile a WebAssembly module from rust](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly/Rust_to_Wasm)]
对于wasm的文件处理可以使用wasm2c或者wasm2js
这里使用wasm2c 对wasm文件进行处理
实际不管使用wasm2c 还是 wasm2js, 代码形式和汇编差不多,并没有多少简化
wasm2c反编译出来的数据是16进制显示,wasm2js是base64编码,这对于我们分析字符串都不方便,这里使用wasm2wat查看dcmp文件中的字符串:
可以看到有关于flag的正则表达式:flag{([^{}]*)
关键的.rs,如arfbuzz-wasm-examples/harfbuzz-wasm/src/lib.rs, google一下就会知道,这是github项目,在该仓库中我可以找到在m1上可以使用harfbuzz的工具:https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz-wasm-examples/tree/main/fontgoggles-wasm-m1
正是前面提到的查看flag checker运行结果的程序
这里查看wasm2c反编译出来的c语言,太长,太多,总共有41万行,找个函数引用vscode都会卡住
人工分析显然是不太可能,这是我编写了一个对“flag{([^{}]*)”所在缓冲区的引用搜集
在wasm2c该缓冲区为:
加载位置:
下面使用python脚本对1048576-101048576+1061处所有的引用进行提取
运行结果:
这里为两个checker的结果输出字符串的引用
“expand 32-byte”为slasa20流密码家族中magic number
因为wasm程序不管怎么转化,始终都是‘汇编’的形式,又臭又长,所以我们的逆向还是要回归到这些汇编细节上,所以我们必须要了解这些算法在汇编层次上的不同
根据‘expand 32-byte k’我们知道了程序使用了salsa20家族中的某一个流密码算法
salsa20 流密码家族包括:
Xsalsa20 是Salsa20的改进,chacha20是Salsa20的变种,同理Xchacha20是在chacha20基础上的改进
初始矩阵为64字节的4*4的32bits数组,分为4个部分:
并且具体的分布也不同:
salsa20 与 chacha20都基于ARX,包括32 bit 的加法,异或,旋转
在代码上体现为QR()函数:
salsa20与chacha20都会进行20轮QR(),其中10轮偶数轮,10奇数轮
其中具体参与运算的块也不尽相同,具体如下:
salsa20:
chacha20:
最后体现在代码上(C语言):
具体参考了这篇论文:https://cr.yp.to/snuffle/xsalsa-20110204.pdf
初始状态矩阵不同:
初始状态矩阵x:
Xslasa20在slasa20的基础上使用192bit的nonce,其中x6,x7,x8,x9为nonce,其他与slasa20相同
你可能注意到counter部分消失了,流密码没有counter怎么能行,其实这部分在Hslasa20实现了:
HSlasa20是XSalsa20独有的部分,并在Xsalsa20中首先运行,来产生额外的64bits nonce和64bits counter
Hslasa20根据Xslasa20的初始矩阵,产生256 bits的数据(z0,z1,...,z15)
为什么是256bits
因为根据安全考虑,hslasa20会任意的丢弃一般的256bits,相关细节请参考上面的论文。
如在论文的例子里丢弃了(z0,z5,z10,z15,z6,z7,z8,z9).
Xslasa20随后根据(z0,z1,...,z15) 补充额外的64bits nonce和64bits counter(摘抄自论文):
随后便是和slasa20一样的流程。
看slasa20与chacha20,就看初始矩阵‘expend 32-byte k’是对角线填充还是一行填充
看slasa20与Xslasa20,chacha20与Xchacha20,就看初始矩阵nonce的填充长度
定位constants填充的位置:
前8字节
后8字节
计算前后8字节的位置的距离:296-288 = 8。可以发现地址是连续的8字节,这说明是按行填充,那么使用的算法是chacha20.
当然在wasm2wat转化的dcmp文件中也可以找到chacha20.rs的信息,但是藏在巨量的字符串里,只能尝试搜索试一试,或者做一个验证也可
如法炮仗,找到key填充的部分,按照8字节填充规律,key为32字节,需填充四次,地址应为304,
312,320,328。果然找到了key的填充部分:
hex(1374463283923456787) = ‘0x13’ * 8 key即为‘0x13’ * 32
如法炮制 找到nonce的位置
nonce 为 ‘0x37’ * 12
密文定位:
该引用十分可疑 起出现在yasss!!!和nah前面 密文的可能性很高
尝试解密:
放入前面提到的程序中,验证成功,此题得解!
先说题目,这是一道创新性极高,难度极高,同时趣味性极高的题目。首先是ttf文件,里面竟然可以暗藏wasm,通过调研这是harfbuzz的wasm shaper,在harfbuzz-wasm-examples 学习到tff文件也可以变着花样甚至可以实现一个计算器,在本题中除了是一个正常的字体以外,竟然还是一个flag checker,对所有符合flag{}正则的字符串,输出正误结果,真是太妙了。
再说我的做题过程,大部分时间花在了如何想法让wasm好分析,最后折腾下来还是老老实实的分析又臭又长的跟汇编没区别的c语言,但是在这个过程,我总结出逆向wasm的一个方法:
寻找对关键关键缓冲区的引用,来寻找关键逻辑的蛛丝马迹。因为通过其他语言编译成wasm,表现在wasm中总是在关键逻辑上加上大量的看似无关的代码,人工分析工作量太大
什么是关键是关键缓冲区?
我理解为和程序逻辑相关的缓冲区,这里一般为通过wasm2*出来文件中的第一个缓冲区(经验)。通过我自己实验,通过wasm-pack把rust编译成wasm,事实也是如此。
关键函数
在解这道题的时候我也试着自己写一个rust程序编译成wasm,然后反编译出来找找异同点,来给这道题找思路
我的核心lib.rs:
可以看到这里我和官方教程所不同的是 我对greet函数的实现了#[wasm_bindgen(start)]
而不是
#[wasm_bindgen]
。加了start可以起到什么作用?
在生成的wasm文件中可以看到__wbindgen_start()中除了默认的call __wbindgen_init_externref_table() , 还增加了 call greet()
编写html调用它:
python起一个http,浏览器访问:
发现直接就调用了greet()
跟进init()发现调用了 __wbg_init()
__wbg_init()在最后调用了_wbg_finalize_init()
可以发现__wbg_finalize_init()调用了__wbindgen_start(),而__wbindgen_start()将调用到我们greet(),最后返回完成初始化。这就跟c语言中的init_array一样。
那么在这里我们可以通过这个功能实现一些hook,反调试,加密,解密,混淆等等,哈哈哈。
就写到这里,感谢你的耐心阅读,我们下次再见
with
open
(
'challenge.ttf'
,
'rb'
) as
file
:
read_bytes
=
file
.read()
with
open
(
'challenge.wasm'
,
'wb'
) as ff:
start
=
0x1eb9c
end
=
start
+
0x12841b
ff.write(read_bytes[start:end])
with
open
(
'challenge.ttf'
,
'rb'
) as
file
:
read_bytes
=
file
.read()
with
open
(
'challenge.wasm'
,
'wb'
) as ff:
start
=
0x1eb9c
end
=
start
+
0x12841b
ff.write(read_bytes[start:end])
data d_Usersmsanftcargoregistrysrci(offset: 1048576) =
"/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/reg"
"ex-automata-0.4.8/src/util/pool.rs\00\00\10\00h\00\00\00=\02\00\00\1c\00"
"\00\00\00\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\01\00\00\00/Users/msanft/.c"
"argo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/regex-automata-0.4."
"8/src/util/pool.rs\88\00\10\00h\00\00\00^\02\00\00\1c\00\00\00\88\00\10"
"\00h\00\00\00k\02\00\002\00\00\00\88\00\10\00h\00\00\00\01\03\00\00\15"
"\00\00\00StreamCipherError\00\00\00expand 32-byte kcalled `Result::unw"
"rap()` on an `Err` valueMq\ac\14v\b1\9al\aa\ec\86qA\12\f3\bfkr\f0\a5kz"
"\fc\d1\1aR\9c\d3\ba\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\01\00\00\00\02\00\00\00/Us"
"ers/msanft/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/cipher"
"-0.4.4/src/stream.rs\00\00\00\9c\01\10\00]\00\00\00x\00\00\00'\00\00\00"
"flag\{([^{}]*)\}src/lib.rs\00\00\1c\02\10\00\0a\00\00\00\18\00\00\00-\00"
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"ok Pro/harfbuzz-wasm-examples/harfbuzz-wasm/src/lib.rs\00\00\9c\02\10\00"
"j\00\00\00>\01\00\00;\00\00\00Couldn't set buffer contents\18\03\10\00"
"\1c\00\00\00\9c\02\10\00j\00\00\00^\01\00\00\11\00\00\00regex: thread "
"ID allocation space exhausted\00L\03\10\00+\00\00\00/Users/msanft/.car"
"go/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/regex-automata-0.4.8/"
"src/util/pool.rs\80\03\10\00h\00\00\00^\01\00\00\11\00\00\00\00\00\00\00"
"\04\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\07\00\00\00Error\00\00\00\08\00\00\00\0c\00\00"
"\00\04\00\00\00\09\00\00\00\0a\00\00\00\0b"
;
data d_Usersmsanftcargoregistrysrci(offset: 1048576) =
"/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/reg"
"ex-automata-0.4.8/src/util/pool.rs\00\00\10\00h\00\00\00=\02\00\00\1c\00"
"\00\00\00\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\01\00\00\00/Users/msanft/.c"
"argo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/regex-automata-0.4."
"8/src/util/pool.rs\88\00\10\00h\00\00\00^\02\00\00\1c\00\00\00\88\00\10"
"\00h\00\00\00k\02\00\002\00\00\00\88\00\10\00h\00\00\00\01\03\00\00\15"
"\00\00\00StreamCipherError\00\00\00expand 32-byte kcalled `Result::unw"
"rap()` on an `Err` valueMq\ac\14v\b1\9al\aa\ec\86qA\12\f3\bfkr\f0\a5kz"
"\fc\d1\1aR\9c\d3\ba\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\00\01\00\00\00\02\00\00\00/Us"
"ers/msanft/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/cipher"
"-0.4.4/src/stream.rs\00\00\00\9c\01\10\00]\00\00\00x\00\00\00'\00\00\00"
"flag\{([^{}]*)\}src/lib.rs\00\00\1c\02\10\00\0a\00\00\00\18\00\00\00-\00"
"\00\00nah\f0\9f\98\90\f0\9f\98\90yasss!!\f0\9f\98\8c\f0\9f\92\85\00\00"
"\03\00\00\00\0c\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\1c\02\10\00\0a\00\00\00"
"\15\00\00\00.\00\00\00Couldn't copy buffer contents\00\00\00t\02\10\00"
"\1d\00\00\00/Users/msanft/Documents/Documents - Moritz\e2\80\99s MacBo"
"ok Pro/harfbuzz-wasm-examples/harfbuzz-wasm/src/lib.rs\00\00\9c\02\10\00"
"j\00\00\00>\01\00\00;\00\00\00Couldn't set buffer contents\18\03\10\00"
"\1c\00\00\00\9c\02\10\00j\00\00\00^\01\00\00\11\00\00\00regex: thread "
"ID allocation space exhausted\00L\03\10\00+\00\00\00/Users/msanft/.car"
"go/registry/src/index.crates.io-6f17d22bba15001f/regex-automata-0.4.8/"
"src/util/pool.rs\80\03\10\00h\00\00\00^\01\00\00\11\00\00\00\00\00\00\00"
"\04\00\00\00\04\00\00\00\07\00\00\00Error\00\00\00\08\00\00\00\0c\00\00"
"\00\04\00\00\00\09\00\00\00\0a\00\00\00\0b"
;
static
const
u8 data_segment_data_w2c_challenge_d0[] = {
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};
static
const
u8 data_segment_data_w2c_challenge_d0[] = {
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};
static
void
init_memories(w2c_challenge* instance) {
wasm_rt_allocate_memory(&instance->w2c_memory, 23, 65536, 0);
LOAD_DATA(instance->w2c_memory, 1048576u, data_segment_data_w2c_challenge_d0, 1061);
}
static
void
init_memories(w2c_challenge* instance) {
wasm_rt_allocate_memory(&instance->w2c_memory, 23, 65536, 0);
LOAD_DATA(instance->w2c_memory, 1048576u, data_segment_data_w2c_challenge_d0, 1061);
}
ss
=
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]
import
re
re_s
=
'104[8-9]\d\d\d'
with
open
(
'challenge.c'
,
'r'
) as
file
:
read_bytes
=
file
.read()
res
=
re.findall(re_s,read_bytes)
start
=
1048576
for
r
in
res:
address
=
int
(r)
address
-
=
start
if
address >
1061
:
continue
temp
=
b''
for
i
in
ss[address:address
+
32
]:
temp
+
=
i.to_bytes()
print
(temp,address
+
start)
ss
=
[
0x2f
,
0x55
,
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,
0x65
,
0x72
,
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,
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,
0x6d
,
0x73
,
0x61
,
0x6e
,
0x66
,
0x74
,
0x2f
,
0x2e
,
0x63
,
0x61
,
0x72
,
0x67
,
0x6f
,
0x2f
,
0x72
,
0x65
,
0x67
,
0x69
,
0x73
,
0x74
,
0x72
,
0x79
,
0x2f
,
0x73
,
0x72
,
0x63
,
0x2f
,
0x69
,
0x6e
,
0x64
,
0x65
,
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0x72
,
0x72
,
0x6f
,
0x72
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x08
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x0c
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x04
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x09
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x0a
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x00
,
0x0b
]
import
re
re_s
=
'104[8-9]\d\d\d'
with
open
(
'challenge.c'
,
'r'
) as
file
:
read_bytes
=
file
.read()
res
=
re.findall(re_s,read_bytes)
start
=
1048576
for
r
in
res:
address
=
int
(r)
address
-
=
start
if
address >
1061
:
continue
temp
=
b''
for
i
in
ss[address:address
+
32
]:
temp
+
=
i.to_bytes()
print
(temp,address
+
start)
python3.
11
parse.py
b
'/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/sr'
1048576
b
'/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/sr'
1048576
b
't\x02\x10\x00\x1d\x00\x00\x00/Users/msanft/Documents/'
1049236
b
"\x9c\x02\x10\x00j\x00\x00\x00>\x01\x00\x00;\x00\x00\x00Couldn't set buf"
1049352
b
'flag\\{([^{}]*)\\}src/lib.rs\x00\x00\x1c\x02\x10\x00'
1049100
b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00Error\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00'
1049592
b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00Error\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00'
1049592
b
'/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/sr'
1048712
b
'/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/sr'
1048576
b
'/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/sr'
1048576
b
'\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\t\x00\x00\x00\n\x00\x00\x00\x0b'
1049616
b
'\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\t\x00\x00\x00\n\x00\x00\x00\x0b'
1049616
b
'\x00\x00\x10\x00h\x00\x00\x00=\x02\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00'
1048680
b
'called `Result::unwrap()` on an '
1048900
b
'\x03\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x1c\x02\x10\x00\n\x00\x00\x00\x15\x00\x00\x00.\x00\x00\x00'
1049172
b
"\x1c\x02\x10\x00\n\x00\x00\x00\x15\x00\x00\x00.\x00\x00\x00Couldn't copy bu"
1049188
b
'\x88\x00\x10\x00h\x00\x00\x00^\x02\x00\x00\x1c\x00\x00\x00\x88\x00\x10\x00h\x00\x00\x00k\x02\x00\x002\x00\x00\x00'
1048816
b
'\x88\x00\x10\x00h\x00\x00\x00k\x02\x00\x002\x00\x00\x00\x88\x00\x10\x00h\x00\x00\x00\x01\x03\x00\x00\x15\x00\x00\x00'
1048832
b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00/Users/msanft/.c'
1048696
b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00/Users/msanft/.c'
1048696
b
'\x88\x00\x10\x00h\x00\x00\x00\x01\x03\x00\x00\x15\x00\x00\x00StreamCipherErro'
1048848
b
'2-byte kcalled `Result::unwrap()'
1048892
b
'expand 32-byte kcalled `Result::'
1048884
b
'Mq\xac\x14v\xb1\x9al\xaa\xec\x86qA\x12\xf3\xbfkr\xf0\xa5kz\xfc\xd1\x1aR\x9c\xd3\xba\x00\x00\x00'
1048943
b
'yasss!!\xf0\x9f\x98\x8c\xf0\x9f\x92\x85\x00\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00'
1049155
b
'nah\xf0\x9f\x98\x90\xf0\x9f\x98\x90yasss!!\xf0\x9f\x98\x8c\xf0\x9f\x92\x85\x00\x00\x03\x00\x00\x00'
1049144
b
'\x18\x03\x10\x00\x1c\x00\x00\x00\x9c\x02\x10\x00j\x00\x00\x00^\x01\x00\x00\x11\x00\x00\x00regex: t'
1049396
b
'\x9c\x02\x10\x00j\x00\x00\x00^\x01\x00\x00\x11\x00\x00\x00regex: thread ID'
1049404
b
'called `Result::unwrap()` on an '
1048900
b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x00\x00\x02\x00\x00\x00/Users/msanft/.c'
1048972
b
"\x9c\x01\x10\x00]\x00\x00\x00x\x00\x00\x00'\x00\x00\x00flag\\{([^{}]*)\\}"
1049084
b
'L\x03\x10\x00+\x00\x00\x00/Users/msanft/.cargo/reg'
1049464
b
'\x80\x03\x10\x00h\x00\x00\x00^\x01\x00\x00\x11\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00'
1049576
b
'StreamCipherError\x00\x00\x00expand 32-by'
1048864
b
'\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\t\x00\x00\x00\n\x00\x00\x00\x0b'
1049616
b
'Error\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\t\x00\x00\x00\n\x00\x00\x00\x0b'
1049608
python3.
11
parse.py
b
'/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/sr'
1048576
b
'/Users/msanft/.cargo/registry/sr'
1048576
b
't\x02\x10\x00\x1d\x00\x00\x00/Users/msanft/Documents/'
1049236
b
"\x9c\x02\x10\x00j\x00\x00\x00>\x01\x00\x00;\x00\x00\x00Couldn't set buf"
1049352
b
'flag\\{([^{}]*)\\}src/lib.rs\x00\x00\x1c\x02\x10\x00'
1049100
b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00Error\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00'
1049592
b
'\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x07\x00\x00\x00Error\x00\x00\x00\x08\x00\x00\x00\x0c\x00\x00\x00'
1049592
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,原因: