某路由器设备拆开后定位到uart接口,将uart引脚通过TTL接入到电脑,路由器上电启动,观察启动日志.
从上面设备的部分启动日志可以看出,uboot shell可以被中断,路由器上电后快速按任意键可进入。路由器启动后关闭了console 控制台,不能通过console登录路由器。为了方便后续逆向工作,最好能进入路由器系统,但目前是console已关闭,且未发现telnet、ssh等服务,只能从uboot shell为切入点进一步分析。
路由器reset,快速按下任意键进入boot shell,可以看到当前uboot shell支持的命令
printenv查看当前环境变量
bootargs为内核启动参数,这里没有看到init参数,一般来说,通过设置init参数来指定内核启动后第一个执行的脚本,可以尝试设置init=/bin/sh进入linux shell。
用setenv修改bootcmd参数,保存环境变量。
bootm启动失败,这里报错can't get kernel image!
网上下载一份u-boot-2013源码,搜索can't get kernel image
字符串,定位到关键代码。
uboot首先会检测kernel的uimage头部信息,不正确会输出上面错误。kernel uimage是在kernel image前加上一段长度为64字节的头,用于描述内核的版本、加载位置等信息 ,uimage魔数一般是0x27051956,很明显0x440001e0地址的数据不符合,所以加载报错。
正常情况下0x440001e0地址应该存放着kernel的uimage数据,这里不知什么原因kernel uimage未能正确加载到内存。这里尝试手动从nand flash中读取内核到内存中。
路由器正常启动的日志中,可以看到nand flash的13个分区,其中0x000000200000-0x000000700000 、0x000000700000-0x000000c00000存放这kernel数据,其中一个应该是做备份用。
nand dump查看nand flash中内核数据,uimage从0x2001e0开始
使用nand read将nand flash中kernel分区数据加载到内存中,addr是ram的地址,off指的是nand flash的地址, size指要读取nand flash的数据大小。
再次bootm,成功启动,但是当内核尝试启动我们添加的启动参数init=/bin/sh时失败了,未能成功进入linux shell,之后又重新用了默认启动参数重启。
添加init参数未能成功启动,后面尝试修改文件系统,开启console、修改root密码,修改后的文件系统通过tftp上传到设备。
uboot shell 支持tftp通信功能,这里先在ubuntu 18 PC机上安装tftp服务
检查tftpd-hpa服务是否正在运行
tftpd-hpa服务器的默认配置文件是/etc/default/tftpd-hpa。TFTP_DIRECTORY是TFTP服务器访问目录。
给TFTP_OPTIONS选项添加--create选项,否则无法创建新文件或将新文件上传到 TFTP 服务器。
修改/var/lib/tftpboot访问属性
uboot shell环境变量中tftp的 serverip默认为192.168.1.100,这里我们直接将上面装有tftp服务器的ubuntu的ip地址设为192.168.1.100,
pc与路由器通过网线连接,从tftp服务器成功下载测试文件app.cgi到uboot,至此tftp通信环境已建立,下面修改文件系统上传到uboot。
已经从网上下载到了设备固件,另外通过uboot也可以从flash的rootfs分区dump出文件系统。当前想通过修改固件开启console并修改登录密码,修改后的固件重新打包通过tftp上传到uboot,最后在刷到nand flash的文件系统分区。
前面了解到路由器正常启动时,串口日志最后打印了close console
,可见根文件系统启动后直接关闭了console,导致不能通过串口登录到linux shell。解包设备固件,在程序中搜索close console
字符串,发现该字符串出现在/bin/cspd
程序中。
找到关闭console的代码,直接patch掉。开启console后想要登录进linux shell还需要知道用户名、密码,可以考虑直接将/etc/passwd文件中root用户密码字段置空,后面登录时直接输入用户名root即可登录。
从上面的环境变量信息可以知道设备使用的是jffs2文件系统,将上面修改后的文件重新打包为jffs2格式,打包后的文件系统通过tftp下载到uboot,此时文件系统还只是在RAM中,断电或者重启后数据就会丢失,所以后面还需要将RAM中的文件系统数据用nand write命令写入到nand flash的文件系统分区。
通过上面步骤将修改后的文件系统刷入 nand flash文件系统分区后,重启设备,成功开启console,进入linux shell。
上面通过修改文件系统实现了从本地console进入到linux shell。设备默认没有telnet服务,为了方便后续管理设备,考虑移植个telnet server到设备中。
查看固件中程序信息,发现程序是使用buildroot编译,所以尝试使用Buidroot 2017.05编译一个带有telnetd的busybox移植到设备。
https://buildroot.org/downloads/ 下载buildroot 2017.05版本
进入编译配置界面
配置界面选项主要根据下图固件中文件的信息,ARM 、ELF32、LSB、EABI5 等配置,ld-linux.so.3说明用的是glibc库 。
接着设置busybox相关选项,添加telnetd
以上设置完成后执行make
进行编译,编译完成后在当前目录会生成output文件夹,编译好的busybox在output文件夹中,生成的telnetd是链接到busybox的,所以这里直接将生成的busybox移植到路由器即可。将编译的busybox复制到固件文件系统/bin目录并重命名为busybox2
在路由器文件系统自启动目录/etc/rcS.d下找个文件,加入busybox2 telnetd的启动命令
上面修改完成后,重新将文件打包成jffs2文件系统,然后通过tftp下载到uboot,最后nand write写入到nand flash文件系统,重启设备,telnet服务会自动启动,通过telnet客户端成功连接到路由器,后续动态调试移植gdbserver也可使用类似方法。
通过uart打断uboot进入uboot shell,给内核启动参数添加init未能成功启动。根据启动日志搜索关键字符串定位到关闭console的程序,patch二进制程序开启console,修改root密码,将修改后的文件重新打包通过tftp下载到uboot中,最后使用nand write写入到nand flash文件系统分区,实现从本地console进入到linux shell。最后使用Buidroot编译一个带有telnetd的busybox移植到设备,实现telnet登录到设备。
Boot SPI NAND
start read bootheader
start read secondboot
non secure boot
Jump
ddr init enter, rate
is
1333
mbps
ddr size
is
0x10000000
U
-
Boot
2013.04
(Feb
14
2022
-
16
:
16
:
39
)
......
eth0
Hit
1
to upgrade software version
Hit
any
key to stop autoboot:
1
......
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
pc start
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
echo
5000
>
/
proc
/
sys
/
vm
/
min_free_kbytes
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
close console
Boot SPI NAND
start read bootheader
start read secondboot
non secure boot
Jump
ddr init enter, rate
is
1333
mbps
ddr size
is
0x10000000
U
-
Boot
2013.04
(Feb
14
2022
-
16
:
16
:
39
)
......
eth0
Hit
1
to upgrade software version
Hit
any
key to stop autoboot:
1
......
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
pc start
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
echo
5000
>
/
proc
/
sys
/
vm
/
min_free_kbytes
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
close console
=
> h
?
-
alias
for
'help'
base
-
print
or
set
address offset
bdinfo
-
print
Board Info structure
boot
-
boot default, i.e., run
'bootcmd'
bootd
-
boot default, i.e., run
'bootcmd'
bootk
-
boot kernel
bootm
-
boot application image
from
memory
bootz
-
boot Linux zImage image
from
memory
cmp
-
memory compare
coninfo
-
print
console devices
and
information
cp
-
memory copy
dhcp
-
boot image via network using DHCP
/
TFTP protocol
downver
-
upgrade software downloaded
from
TFTP server
echo
-
echo args to console
erase
-
erase FLASH memory
fdt
-
flattened device tree utility commands
flinfo
-
print
FLASH memory information
go
-
start application at address
'addr'
gpiotest
-
gpiotest
dir
[num] [
in
/
out]
gpiotest value [num] [
1
/
0
]
gpiotest gvalue [num]
help
-
print
command description
/
usage
imxtract
-
extract a part of a multi
-
image
itest
-
return
true
/
false on integer compare
mcupg
-
multicast upgrade
md
-
memory display
mii
-
MII utility commands
mtddebug
-
mtddebug operate
mtest
-
simple RAM read
/
write test
mw
-
memory write (fill)
nand
-
NAND sub
-
system
ping
-
send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv
-
print
environment variables
protect
-
enable
or
disable FLASH write protection
reset
-
Perform RESET of the CPU
run
-
run commands
in
an environment variable
saveenv
-
save environment variables to persistent storage
setenv
-
set
environment variables
sleep
-
delay execution
for
some time
snumber
-
Get
or
set
serial number
for
zte boards
tftp
-
boot image via network using TFTP protocol
version
-
print
monitor, compiler
and
linker version
watchdog
-
watchdog reset && disable
xmodem
-
xmodem
=
> h
?
-
alias
for
'help'
base
-
print
or
set
address offset
bdinfo
-
print
Board Info structure
boot
-
boot default, i.e., run
'bootcmd'
bootd
-
boot default, i.e., run
'bootcmd'
bootk
-
boot kernel
bootm
-
boot application image
from
memory
bootz
-
boot Linux zImage image
from
memory
cmp
-
memory compare
coninfo
-
print
console devices
and
information
cp
-
memory copy
dhcp
-
boot image via network using DHCP
/
TFTP protocol
downver
-
upgrade software downloaded
from
TFTP server
echo
-
echo args to console
erase
-
erase FLASH memory
fdt
-
flattened device tree utility commands
flinfo
-
print
FLASH memory information
go
-
start application at address
'addr'
gpiotest
-
gpiotest
dir
[num] [
in
/
out]
gpiotest value [num] [
1
/
0
]
gpiotest gvalue [num]
help
-
print
command description
/
usage
imxtract
-
extract a part of a multi
-
image
itest
-
return
true
/
false on integer compare
mcupg
-
multicast upgrade
md
-
memory display
mii
-
MII utility commands
mtddebug
-
mtddebug operate
mtest
-
simple RAM read
/
write test
mw
-
memory write (fill)
nand
-
NAND sub
-
system
ping
-
send ICMP ECHO_REQUEST to network host
printenv
-
print
environment variables
protect
-
enable
or
disable FLASH write protection
reset
-
Perform RESET of the CPU
run
-
run commands
in
an environment variable
saveenv
-
save environment variables to persistent storage
setenv
-
set
environment variables
sleep
-
delay execution
for
some time
snumber
-
Get
or
set
serial number
for
zte boards
tftp
-
boot image via network using TFTP protocol
version
-
print
monitor, compiler
and
linker version
watchdog
-
watchdog reset && disable
xmodem
-
xmodem
=
> printenv
baudrate
=
115200
bome
=
aclcle) root
=
/
dev
/
mtdblock8 rw rootfstype
=
jffs2 mem
=
256M
single
bootcmd
=
setenv bootargs console
=
$(console) root
=
/
dev
/
mtdblock8 ro rootfstype
=
jffs2 mem
=
$(memsize);bootm
0x440001e0
;
bootdelay
=
1
bootfile
=
uboot.
bin
bootloaderfile
=
bootloader.
bin
console
=
ttyAMA0,
115200n8
ethact
=
eth0
ethaddr
=
00
:
41
:
71
:
00
:
00
:
50
fileaddr
=
44000000
filesize
=
13bfb78
gatewayip
=
192.168
.
1.1
ipaddr
=
192.168
.
1.1
linuzfile
=
vmlinuz.
bin
loadaddr
=
0x44000000
memsize
=
256M
nand_erasesize
=
20000
nand_oobsize
=
40
nand_writesize
=
800
netmask
=
255.255
.
255.0
netretry
=
5
serverip
=
192.168
.
1.100
=
> printenv
baudrate
=
115200
bome
=
aclcle) root
=
/
dev
/
mtdblock8 rw rootfstype
=
jffs2 mem
=
256M
single
bootcmd
=
setenv bootargs console
=
$(console) root
=
/
dev
/
mtdblock8 ro rootfstype
=
jffs2 mem
=
$(memsize);bootm
0x440001e0
;
bootdelay
=
1
bootfile
=
uboot.
bin
bootloaderfile
=
bootloader.
bin
console
=
ttyAMA0,
115200n8
ethact
=
eth0
ethaddr
=
00
:
41
:
71
:
00
:
00
:
50
fileaddr
=
44000000
filesize
=
13bfb78
gatewayip
=
192.168
.
1.1
ipaddr
=
192.168
.
1.1
linuzfile
=
vmlinuz.
bin
loadaddr
=
0x44000000
memsize
=
256M
nand_erasesize
=
20000
nand_oobsize
=
40
nand_writesize
=
800
netmask
=
255.255
.
255.0
netretry
=
5
serverip
=
192.168
.
1.100
setenv bootcmd
'setenv bootargs console=$(console) root=/dev/mtdblock8 rw rootfstype=jffs2 mem=$(memsize) init=/bin/sh;bootm 0x440001e0;'
setenv bootcmd
'setenv bootargs console=$(console) root=/dev/mtdblock8 rw rootfstype=jffs2 mem=$(memsize) init=/bin/sh;bootm 0x440001e0;'
=
> save
Saving Environment to NAND...
Erasing
0x180000
-
0x200000
:<nand_erase_skip_bad_,
1560
>!mtdpart
=
0x1
,start
=
0x0
,mtdpartoffset
=
0x180000
,mtdPartsize
=
0x80000
,length
=
0x80000
[Done]
Writing to Nand:<nand_write_skip_bad_,
1455
>!mtdpart
=
0x1
,offset
=
0x0
,mtdpartoffset
=
0x180000
,mtdPartsize
=
0x80000
,length
=
0x20000
[Done]
=
> save
Saving Environment to NAND...
Erasing
0x180000
-
0x200000
:<nand_erase_skip_bad_,
1560
>!mtdpart
=
0x1
,start
=
0x0
,mtdpartoffset
=
0x180000
,mtdPartsize
=
0x80000
,length
=
0x80000
[Done]
Writing to Nand:<nand_write_skip_bad_,
1455
>!mtdpart
=
0x1
,offset
=
0x0
,mtdpartoffset
=
0x180000
,mtdPartsize
=
0x80000
,length
=
0x20000
[Done]
=
> bootm
0x440001e0
Wrong Image
Format
for
bootm command
ERROR: can't get kernel image!
=
> bootm
0x440001e0
Wrong Image
Format
for
bootm command
ERROR: can't get kernel image!
typedef struct image_header {
__be32 ih_magic;
/
*
Image Header Magic Number
*
/
__be32 ih_hcrc;
/
*
Image Header CRC Checksum
*
/
__be32 ih_time;
/
*
Image Creation Timestamp
*
/
__be32 ih_size;
/
*
Image Data Size
*
/
__be32 ih_load;
/
*
Data Load Address
*
/
__be32 ih_ep;
/
*
Entry Point Address
*
/
__be32 ih_dcrc;
/
*
Image Data CRC Checksum
*
/
uint8_t ih_os;
/
*
Operating System
*
/
uint8_t ih_arch;
/
*
CPU architecture
*
/
uint8_t ih_type;
/
*
Image
Type
*
/
uint8_t ih_comp;
/
*
Compression
Type
*
/
uint8_t ih_name[IH_NMLEN];
/
*
Image Name
*
/
} image_header_t;
typedef struct image_header {
__be32 ih_magic;
/
*
Image Header Magic Number
*
/
__be32 ih_hcrc;
/
*
Image Header CRC Checksum
*
/
__be32 ih_time;
/
*
Image Creation Timestamp
*
/
__be32 ih_size;
/
*
Image Data Size
*
/
__be32 ih_load;
/
*
Data Load Address
*
/
[招生]科锐逆向工程师培训(2024年11月15日实地,远程教学同时开班, 第51期)