继续使用上一篇文章《利用活跃变量分析来去掉vmp的大部分垃圾指令》的样本。有个小问题先需要说明一下,加壳的样本在wow64环境、32位环境和linux wine环境下,样本的执行流程是不同的,因为vmp会根据环境来调整通过sysenter或syscall指令来进行系统调用,比如NtProtectVirtualMemory函数。如果程序是32位的,qiling会设置成32位环境。所以利用qiling模拟执行和调试器的执行流程可能会不一样。本篇文章分析vmp的大致思路是通过机器学习对handle进行分类,然后分别处理和化简。
通过机器学习来进行分类,首先要提取出handle以及它的特征向量。为了能够方便的提取出handle,本文继续使用qiling模拟执行记录样本的vmp壳程序每一条指令以及eax, ebx, ecx, edx, esi, edi, ebp, esp, eip寄存器的值,记录这些寄存器的值是为了方便后面的化简。模拟执行的代码在traceCode.py文件,保存后的文件大小有1G多,大部分都是循环产生的重复指令。然后对这些指令序列根据jmp register和ret指令进行分割。分割后的指令序列需要删除一些因循环产生的重复指令。对于还有call指令的函数调用,需要把函数体对应的指令删除掉。vmp壳程序也是有一些正常函数的,比如一些字符串的解密函数和散列函数。handle的提取、分类和化简都在analyzeInsn.py文件中。主函数代码如下:
DeleteRedundantInsnInfo函数删除掉循环产生的重复指令,HandleCallInsn函数用来处理含有call的调用。GetUsefulInsnList在提取handle的特征前需要去掉handle一些不需要的指令,比如handle地址的计算和一些寄存器轮转相关的指令。这个可以通过一个简单的污点分析实现,保留与写内存操作相关的指令,实现代码在TaintAnalysis函数中。
比如有如下handle:
有用的指令就这么两条:
特征可以人工选取或者通过自然语言处理的一些模型得到,比如word2vec和bert模型,把汇编指令看成一个单词,handle看成一个句子。通过自然语言处理提取代码的特征可以参考一些代码相似度检测相关的论文。本文采用人工定义的特征和kmeans聚类算法,主要是实现简单,可以快速验证这个思路是否可靠。一个handle的特征定义如下:
代码实现如下:
壳程序所有handle的提取在ExtractHandleFeature函数实现。特征提取后,通过t-sne对这些数据降维然后可视化,效果如下:
可以看出这数据还是具有可分性的,一个簇一类,大致可以划分为14类。数据的可视化和模型的训练相关的代码在model.py。代码如下:
部分分类出的handle如下:
handle下面一行是特征向量和类别,大部分handle的分类还是正确的。错误分类的也有,比如:
这个handle归类为8,8和10应该分为同一类。为了提高正确率,可以重新定义其它的特征、调调参数或者使用其它模型,感兴趣的坛友可以去试试。
handle的化简
化简的思路是只保留和内存操作相关的指令,vmp是基于堆栈的虚拟机,执行过程含有大量的栈操作,本质上也是内存操作,把读写内存的操作数直接替换成绝对地址。比如如下handle:
然后通过qiling模拟执行保留的寄存器信息转换成
0xffff开头的地址是qiling默认的栈地址。这么做可以不用考虑寄存器轮转的问题和下一条handle的地址计算。去掉绝大部分指令,保留核心的指令还能够很好的分类。本文只实现了部分handle的转换,具体参考TranslateHandle函数实现的代码。vmp壳程序的执行会多次进入虚拟机、退出虚拟机、执行一个正常的函数然后又重新进入虚拟机。本文以第一次进入虚拟机然后退出虚拟机之间的代码作为转换例子,然后通过keystone转换到二进制文件,最后通过ida反编译。效果如下:
由于之前没有保存状态寄存器的值,所以暂时用0xef代替,主要是以下指令产生
这两条指令是直接转换到mov dword ptr [0xXXXXXXXX], 0xef。观察上面的反编译代码,可以看到有一个call调用,地址0x7D92CC刚好是LocalAlloc导入表中的地址。这个call是由vmCall产生的,vmCall的转换没有保留参数,感兴趣可以自己修改一下代码。
通过机器学习对vmp的handle进行分类是可行的,重点是提高分类的正确率,单纯使用聚类算法的正确率并不是很高,而且人为设置的特征又不够灵活。对于特征的提取,还是最好选择自然语言处理中的模型,比如word2vec或者bert。提取出特征后,可以先用聚类算法进行分类,然后筛选出一些正确分类的handle,再通过这些handle训练出一个有监督学习中的算法去预测其它未分类的handle,比如svm或者其它一些神经网络,最后根据这些分好类的handle再次进行训练。特征的提取可以参考以下论文
Asm2Vec: Boosting Static Representation Robustness for Binary Clone Search against Code Obfuscation and Compiler Optimization
Neural Machine Translation Inspired Binary Code Similarity Comparison beyond Function Pairs
Investigating Graph Embedding Neural Networks with Unsupervised Features Extraction for Binary Analysis
Instruction2vec: Efficient Preprocessor of Assembly Code to Detect Software Weakness with CNN
Order Matters: Semantic-Aware Neural Networks for Binary Code Similarity Detection
def
analyzeInsnTrace():
with
open
(
'G:\\vmpAnalysis\\EliminateVmpJunkCode\\traceInsn.bin'
,
'rb'
) as f:
s
=
f.read()
insnExecInfoList
=
[]
i
=
0
point
=
0
while
(point <
len
(s)):
size
=
s[point]
point
+
=
1
bInsn
=
s[point:point
+
size]
point
+
=
size
eax,ebx,ecx,edx,esi,edi,ebp,esp,eip
=
struct.unpack(
'IIIIIIIII'
,s[point:point
+
36
])
point
+
=
36
insn
=
list
(md.disasm(bInsn, eip))[
0
]
if
(capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_JMP
=
=
insn.
id
and
\
capstone.x86_const.X86_OP_IMM
=
=
insn.operands[
0
].
type
):
continue
insnInfo
=
InsnExecInfo(insn, eax,ebx,ecx,edx,esi,edi,ebp,esp)
insnExecInfoList.append(insnInfo)
if
((capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_JMP
=
=
insn.
id
and
capstone.x86_const.X86_OP_REG
=
=
insn.operands[
0
].
type
)
or
\
capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_RET
=
=
insn.
id
):
insnExecInfoList
=
HandleCallInsn(insnExecInfoList)
if
(capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_CALL !
=
insnExecInfoList[
-
1
].csInsn.
id
):
insnExecInfoList
=
DeleteRedundantInsnInfo(insnExecInfoList)
insnExecInfoList
=
GetUsefulInsnList(insnExecInfoList)
TranslateHandle(insnExecInfoList)
insnExecInfoList.clear()
def
analyzeInsnTrace():
with
open
(
'G:\\vmpAnalysis\\EliminateVmpJunkCode\\traceInsn.bin'
,
'rb'
) as f:
s
=
f.read()
insnExecInfoList
=
[]
i
=
0
point
=
0
while
(point <
len
(s)):
size
=
s[point]
point
+
=
1
bInsn
=
s[point:point
+
size]
point
+
=
size
eax,ebx,ecx,edx,esi,edi,ebp,esp,eip
=
struct.unpack(
'IIIIIIIII'
,s[point:point
+
36
])
point
+
=
36
insn
=
list
(md.disasm(bInsn, eip))[
0
]
if
(capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_JMP
=
=
insn.
id
and
\
capstone.x86_const.X86_OP_IMM
=
=
insn.operands[
0
].
type
):
continue
insnInfo
=
InsnExecInfo(insn, eax,ebx,ecx,edx,esi,edi,ebp,esp)
insnExecInfoList.append(insnInfo)
if
((capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_JMP
=
=
insn.
id
and
capstone.x86_const.X86_OP_REG
=
=
insn.operands[
0
].
type
)
or
\
capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_RET
=
=
insn.
id
):
insnExecInfoList
=
HandleCallInsn(insnExecInfoList)
if
(capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_CALL !
=
insnExecInfoList[
-
1
].csInsn.
id
):
insnExecInfoList
=
DeleteRedundantInsnInfo(insnExecInfoList)
insnExecInfoList
=
GetUsefulInsnList(insnExecInfoList)
TranslateHandle(insnExecInfoList)
insnExecInfoList.clear()
mov ecx, [esi]
add esi,
4
lea ebp, [ebp
-
1
]
movzx edx, byte ptr [ebp
+
0
]
xor dl, bl
ror dl,
1
add dl,
0B3h
neg dl
not
dl
neg dl
xor bl, dl
mov [esp
+
edx
+
0
], ecx
sub ebp,
4
mov edx, [ebp
+
0
]
xor edx, ebx
dec edx
rol edx,
1
not
edx
inc edx
bswap edx
xor ebx, edx
add edi, edx
push edi
retn
mov ecx, [esi]
add esi,
4
lea ebp, [ebp
-
1
]
movzx edx, byte ptr [ebp
+
0
]
xor dl, bl
ror dl,
1
add dl,
0B3h
neg dl
not
dl
neg dl
xor bl, dl
mov [esp
+
edx
+
0
], ecx
sub ebp,
4
mov edx, [ebp
+
0
]
xor edx, ebx
dec edx
rol edx,
1
not
edx
inc edx
bswap edx
xor ebx, edx
add edi, edx
push edi
retn
mov ecx, [esi]
mov [esp
+
edx
+
0
], ecx
mov ecx, [esi]
mov [esp
+
edx
+
0
], ecx
push指令的个数
pop指令的个数
数据转移指令的个数
算术运算指令的个数
位操作指令的个数
串操作指令的个数
call指令的个数
分支指令的个数
其它一些需要分析的指令个数(sysenter、cpuid、jmp far)
立即数的个数
指令总数
push指令的个数
pop指令的个数
数据转移指令的个数
算术运算指令的个数
位操作指令的个数
串操作指令的个数
call指令的个数
分支指令的个数
其它一些需要分析的指令个数(sysenter、cpuid、jmp far)
立即数的个数
指令总数
def
ExtractFeature(insnExecInfoList):
NumOfPushInsn
=
0
NumOfPopInsn
=
0
NumOfDataTransferInsn
=
0
NumOfArithmeticInsn
=
0
NumOfBitManipulationInsn
=
0
NumOfStringInsn
=
0
NumOfCall
=
0
NumOfBranchInsn
=
0
NumOfOtherInsn
=
0
NumOfImmOperand
=
0
NumOfInsn
=
len
(insnExecInfoList)
for
insnInfo
in
insnExecInfoList:
insn
=
insnInfo.csInsn
if
(insn.
id
in
g_pushInsnId):
NumOfPushInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_popInsnId):
NumOfPopInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_dataTransferInsnId):
NumOfDataTransferInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_arithmeticInsnId):
NumOfArithmeticInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_bitManipulationInsnId):
NumOfBitManipulationInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_stringInsnId):
NumOfStringInsn
+
=
1
elif
(capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_CALL
=
=
insn.
id
):
NumOfCall
+
=
1
continue
elif
(insn.group(capstone.x86_const.X86_GRP_BRANCH_RELATIVE)):
NumOfBranchInsn
+
=
1
continue
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_otherInsnId):
NumOfOtherInsn
+
=
1
for
op
in
insn.operands:
if
(capstone.x86_const.X86_OP_IMM
=
=
op.
type
):
NumOfImmOperand
+
=
1
return
[NumOfPushInsn, NumOfPopInsn, NumOfDataTransferInsn, NumOfArithmeticInsn, NumOfBitManipulationInsn, \
NumOfStringInsn, NumOfCall, NumOfBranchInsn, NumOfOtherInsn, NumOfImmOperand, NumOfInsn]
def
ExtractFeature(insnExecInfoList):
NumOfPushInsn
=
0
NumOfPopInsn
=
0
NumOfDataTransferInsn
=
0
NumOfArithmeticInsn
=
0
NumOfBitManipulationInsn
=
0
NumOfStringInsn
=
0
NumOfCall
=
0
NumOfBranchInsn
=
0
NumOfOtherInsn
=
0
NumOfImmOperand
=
0
NumOfInsn
=
len
(insnExecInfoList)
for
insnInfo
in
insnExecInfoList:
insn
=
insnInfo.csInsn
if
(insn.
id
in
g_pushInsnId):
NumOfPushInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_popInsnId):
NumOfPopInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_dataTransferInsnId):
NumOfDataTransferInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_arithmeticInsnId):
NumOfArithmeticInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_bitManipulationInsnId):
NumOfBitManipulationInsn
+
=
1
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_stringInsnId):
NumOfStringInsn
+
=
1
elif
(capstone.x86_const.X86_INS_CALL
=
=
insn.
id
):
NumOfCall
+
=
1
continue
elif
(insn.group(capstone.x86_const.X86_GRP_BRANCH_RELATIVE)):
NumOfBranchInsn
+
=
1
continue
elif
(insn.
id
in
g_otherInsnId):
NumOfOtherInsn
+
=
1
for
op
in
insn.operands:
if
(capstone.x86_const.X86_OP_IMM
=
=
op.
type
):
NumOfImmOperand
+
=
1
return
[NumOfPushInsn, NumOfPopInsn, NumOfDataTransferInsn, NumOfArithmeticInsn, NumOfBitManipulationInsn, \
NumOfStringInsn, NumOfCall, NumOfBranchInsn, NumOfOtherInsn, NumOfImmOperand, NumOfInsn]
g_dataDict
=
dict
()
with
open
(
'handleFeature.txt'
,
'r'
) as f:
dataDictStr
=
f.read()
g_dataDict
=
json.loads(dataDictStr)
f.close()
data
=
[]
for
addr
in
g_dataDict:
data.append(g_dataDict[addr])
x_train
=
np.array(data)
model
=
KMeans(n_clusters
=
14
)
model.fit(x_train)
joblib.dump(model,
'kmeans.pkl'
)
tsne
=
TSNE(perplexity
=
30
, n_components
=
2
, random_state
=
0
)
x_2d
=
tsne.fit_transform(x_train)
plt.figure()
color
=
[
'c'
,
'b'
,
'g'
,
'r'
,
'm'
,
'y'
,
'k'
,
'bisque'
,
'slategray'
,
'pink'
,
'grey'
,
'chocolate'
,
'aqua'
,
'lime'
,
'gold'
]
for
i
in
range
(
len
(x_2d)):
x
=
x_2d[i]
plt.scatter(x[
0
],x[
1
], c
=
'red'
)
plt.savefig(
"Figure_Perp30.png"
)
plt.show()
g_dataDict
=
dict
()
with
open
(
'handleFeature.txt'
,
'r'
) as f:
dataDictStr
=
f.read()
g_dataDict
=
json.loads(dataDictStr)
f.close()
data
=
[]
for
addr
in
g_dataDict:
data.append(g_dataDict[addr])
x_train
=
np.array(data)
model
=
KMeans(n_clusters
=
14
)
model.fit(x_train)
joblib.dump(model,
'kmeans.pkl'
)
tsne
=
TSNE(perplexity
=
30
, n_components
=
2
, random_state
=
0
)
x_2d
=
tsne.fit_transform(x_train)
plt.figure()
color
=
[
'c'
,
'b'
,
'g'
,
'r'
,
'm'
,
'y'
,
'k'
,
'bisque'
,
'slategray'
,
'pink'
,
'grey'
,
'chocolate'
,
'aqua'
,
'lime'
,
'gold'
]
for
i
in
range
(
len
(x_2d)):
x
=
x_2d[i]
plt.scatter(x[
0
],x[
1
], c
=
'red'
)
plt.savefig(
"Figure_Perp30.png"
)
plt.show()
0077e533
push
0xfeddf3fd
0077e538
call
0x64d713
0064d713
push esi
0064d71c
push ebp
0064d71d
push edx
0064d71e
push ecx
0064d71f
pushfd
0064d726
push eax
0064d728
push edi
0064d72c
xchg edi, edi
0064d72e
push ebx
0064d734
shld di, sp,
0x8f
0064d739
mov edx,
0
0064d745
push edx
0064d748
mov ebp, dword ptr [esp
+
0x28
]
0064d74c
sub ebp,
0x1d6f2625
0064d752
bswap ebp
0064d75b
neg ebp
0064d76b
not
ebp
0064d772
sub ebp,
0x38be537b
0064d77f
rol ebp,
3
0064d789
lea ebp, [ebp
+
edx]
0064d78d
mov esi, esp
0064d797
inc edi
0064d798
sub esp,
0xc0
[
10
,
0
,
6
,
5
,
2
,
0
,
1
,
0
,
0
,
7
,
25
]
5
007c053c
mov ecx, dword ptr [esi]
006b22f6
mov dword ptr [esp
+
edx], ecx
[
0
,
0
,
2
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
2
]
0
007f839c
mov edx, dword ptr [ebp]
007f83a7
xor edx, ebx
007f83a9
bswap edx
007f83ab
not
edx
007f83b1
rol edx,
1
007f83bc
xor edx,
0x6f3b0b63
007f83c8
xor ebx, edx
007f83d9
mov dword ptr [esi], edx
[
0
,
0
,
3
,
0
,
5
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
2
,
8
]
4
0064fb73
mov eax, dword ptr [esi]
0064fb7d
mov edx, dword ptr [esi
+
4
]
006b7076
add eax, edx
006b707f
mov dword ptr [esi
+
4
], eax
006b7087
pushfd
006b708a
pop dword ptr [esi]
[
1
,
1
,
3
,
1
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
6
]
10
0081c8fb
mov ecx, dword ptr [esi]
0081c903
mov edx, dword ptr [esi
+
4
]
0081c906
not
ecx
006e651b
not
edx
006e651e
or
ecx, edx
0069a067
mov dword ptr [esi
+
4
], ecx
0069a06a
pushfd
0069a072
pop dword ptr [esi]
[
1
,
1
,
3
,
0
,
3
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
8
]
8
00744a93
mov esi, dword ptr [esi]
00744a9e
sub ebp,
4
00744aa4
mov ecx, dword ptr [ebp]
00744aa8
xor ecx, ebx
00744aab
rol ecx,
2
00744ab5
lea ecx, [ecx
-
0x1f6841de
]
00744ac4
xor ecx,
0x309024f1
00744aca
rol ecx,
2
00744acd
xor ebx, ecx
00744acf
add edi, ecx
007aea6c
lea edx, [esp
+
0x60
]
007aea70
cmp
esi, edx
0071dc9f
ja
0x7c537e
007c537e
push edi
007c537f
ret
[
1
,
0
,
4
,
3
,
5
,
0
,
0
,
1
,
0
,
4
,
15
]
2
006db779
mov eax, dword ptr [esi]
006db782
add esi,
4
006db78f
mov edi, eax
0071f41c
mov ebx, edi
0071f41e
xor ecx,
0x75526e46
0071f424
mov edx,
0
0071f429
sbb bp,
0x6722
0071f42e
setae cl
0071f431
sub ebx, edx
0071f433
lea ebp, [
0x71f433
]
0071f43e
sub edi,
4
0071f444
mov ecx, dword ptr [edi]
0071f449
xor ecx, ebx
0071f44b
xor ecx,
0x34ce6bee
0071f451
not
ecx
0071f455
neg ecx
0071f459
xor ecx,
0xb326d42
0071f466
xor ebx, ecx
0071f468
add ebp, ecx
0071f46a
jmp ebp
[
0
,
0
,
6
,
6
,
6
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
7
,
20
]
6
007dbb9c
movzx edx, byte ptr [ebp]
007dbba3
add ebp,
1
007dbbb0
xor dl, bl
007dbbb2
not
dl
007dbbba
xor dl,
0x12
007dbbc4
add dl,
0xd2
007dbbcf
xor dl,
0x30
007dbbd7
not
dl
007dbbe0
xor bl, dl
007dbbe2
push ebp
007dbbe3
push edi
007dbbef
push ebx
007dbbf0
mov ebp, esi
007dbbf5
mov ebx, edx
007dbbfb
mov edx, ebx
007dbc00
shl edx,
2
007dbc0f
mov eax, ebp
007dbc11
lea eax, [eax
+
edx]
007dbc16
mov dword ptr [ebp
-
4
], eax
007dbc1d
test ebx, ebx
006f49e6
je
0x675996
006f49ec
mov eax, dword ptr [ebp
+
ebx
*
4
]
0070a50a
push eax
00739240
sub ebx,
1
00675990
jne
0x6f49ec
00675996
mov eax, dword ptr [ebp]
0064251e
call eax
00642520
mov ebp, dword ptr [ebp
-
4
]
00642527
mov dword ptr [ebp], eax
00642531
mov esi, ebp
00642539
pop ebx
0064253f
pop edi
0064254b
pop ebp
0064254c
mov ecx, dword ptr [ebp]
00642554
add ebp,
4
0064255a
xor ecx, ebx
0064255c
rol ecx,
1
00818174
not
ecx
0073abf7
inc ecx
0073abf8
ror ecx,
1
0078d48d
lea ecx, [ecx
+
0x491c2c38
]
0078d493
bswap ecx
0078d49b
xor ebx, ecx
0078d4a1
add edi, ecx
007c4fa8
push edi
007c4fa9
ret
[
5
,
3
,
14
,
6
,
13
,
0
,
1
,
2
,
0
,
9
,
46
]
1
0077e533
push
0xfeddf3fd
0077e538
call
0x64d713
0064d713
push esi
0064d71c
push ebp
0064d71d
push edx
0064d71e
push ecx
0064d71f
pushfd
0064d726
push eax
0064d728
push edi
0064d72c
xchg edi, edi
0064d72e
push ebx
0064d734
shld di, sp,
0x8f
0064d739
mov edx,
0
0064d745
push edx
0064d748
mov ebp, dword ptr [esp
+
0x28
]
0064d74c
sub ebp,
0x1d6f2625
0064d752
bswap ebp
0064d75b
neg ebp
0064d76b
not
ebp
0064d772
sub ebp,
0x38be537b
0064d77f
rol ebp,
3
0064d789
lea ebp, [ebp
+
edx]
0064d78d
mov esi, esp
0064d797
inc edi
0064d798
sub esp,
0xc0
[
10
,
0
,
6
,
5
,
2
,
0
,
1
,
0
,
0
,
7
,
25
]
5
007c053c
mov ecx, dword ptr [esi]
006b22f6
mov dword ptr [esp
+
edx], ecx
[
0
,
0
,
2
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
2
]
0
007f839c
mov edx, dword ptr [ebp]
007f83a7
xor edx, ebx
007f83a9
bswap edx
007f83ab
not
edx
007f83b1
rol edx,
1
007f83bc
xor edx,
0x6f3b0b63
007f83c8
xor ebx, edx
007f83d9
mov dword ptr [esi], edx
[
0
,
0
,
3
,
0
,
5
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
2
,
8
]
4
0064fb73
mov eax, dword ptr [esi]
0064fb7d
mov edx, dword ptr [esi
+
4
]
006b7076
add eax, edx
006b707f
mov dword ptr [esi
+
4
], eax
006b7087
pushfd
006b708a
pop dword ptr [esi]
[
1
,
1
,
3
,
1
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
6
]
10
0081c8fb
mov ecx, dword ptr [esi]
0081c903
mov edx, dword ptr [esi
+
4
]
0081c906
not
ecx
006e651b
not
edx
006e651e
or
ecx, edx
0069a067
mov dword ptr [esi
+
4
], ecx
0069a06a
pushfd
0069a072
pop dword ptr [esi]
[
1
,
1
,
3
,
0
,
3
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
0
,
8
]
8
00744a93
mov esi, dword ptr [esi]
00744a9e
sub ebp,
4
00744aa4
mov ecx, dword ptr [ebp]
00744aa8
xor ecx, ebx
00744aab
rol ecx,
2
00744ab5
lea ecx, [ecx
-
0x1f6841de
]
00744ac4
xor ecx,
0x309024f1
00744aca
rol ecx,
2
00744acd
xor ebx, ecx
00744acf
add edi, ecx
007aea6c
lea edx, [esp
+
0x60
]
007aea70
cmp
esi, edx
[培训]内核驱动高级班,冲击BAT一流互联网大厂工作,每周日13:00-18:00直播授课
最后于 2021-8-18 14:52
被会飞的鱼油编辑
,原因: